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Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Berberis aristata (Indian Barberry)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Swati T. Gurme, Devashree N. Patil, Suchita V. Jadhav, Mahendra L. Ahire, Pankaj S. Mundada
Beside these traditional uses, neem or neem extracts are used to treat fungal infections, painful joints, and muscle treatments. It is well known for the treatment of diseases like malaria, arthritis, jaundice, intestinal worms, tuberculosis, and many skin diseases. Neem oil is used regularly to reduce acne and pimples (Ahmad et al., 2019; Kausik et al., 2002). The neem leaves are a famous remedy for skin disease treatment, and they are also safe to take internally on a regular basis. Fresh leaf juice mixed with salt is best to treat intestinal worms, and mixing this neem leaf juice with honey is useful for jaundice and skin diseases. It is also used as an antiseptic; while a hot blend of leaves can be used for swollen glands, bruises, and sprains. Neem leaves are also used against viral infections including cold, herpes, influenza, and chickenpox. By eating neem leaves, fever related to viral infection can be stopped. The fruits of neem (dry and fresh) are useful to control intestinal worms, piles, and urinary tract infections. The seed oil is also important as an ingredient in medical product formation, as it has strong antiseptic properties. As this oil saponifies easily, it is mostly used for medical soap formulation (Ahmad et al., 2019). Some studies also reported that neem extract is beneficial to control the kissing bugs that spread the Chagas disease. During treatment, the neem extract does not actually kill the insect but imbalances the immune system of the parasite living inside the bug, thereby curing the symptoms of Chagas disease (Martinez and van Emden, 1999).
Natural Preservatives
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Neem oil is extracted from the fruit and seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), commonly found in India. The extract has a number of terpene and phenolic species which account for its antimicrobial activity. Of particular interest is the association of chewing neem sticks or bark for enabling the inhibition of colonization of Streptococcus mutans on tooth surfaces (10). Depending on the part of the plant used for the preparation, there may be well over a 100 compounds in a given extract (11). The compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity have been attributed to nimbidin and azadirachtin, with nimbinin (12) the primary activity being directed toward Gram-positive organisms (13).
Neem, Azadirachta indica
Published in Charles Wambebe, African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health, 2018
The tree is evergreen and can grow up to 30 m. It starts to produce fruits from the age of 5 years and can live for over 100 years. The tree can grow in marginal and nutrient-poor soils, and can help in reforestation and in preventing soil erosion and landslides. Being termite resistant, neem wood is useful as building timber, and the leaves, being alkaline, help to neutralize acidic soils. Neem oil and leaves protect crops and stored grain from insects and other pests. The medicinal, cosmetic, pesticidal, and antiparasitic, anthelminthic, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifertility, and sedative properties of neem are undisputed and highly impressive, so much so that the National Research Council (NRC), Washington, DC, published a report entitled “Neem: Tree for Solving Global Problems” and has described neem as “one of the most promising of all plants and it may eventually benefit every person on this planet. Probably no other plant yields as many strange and varied products or has as many exploitable by-products.” The United Nations has declared neem as the tree of the twenty-first century.
Formulation and characterisation of Azadirachta indica nanobiopesticides for ecofriendly control of wheat pest Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Humaira Iqbal, Nazish Jahan, Saba Jamil
The mean mortality of T. castaneum and R. dominica were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing time intervals and concentration of A. indica extract and its nanobiopesticides. Results showed that the mortality was significantly higher at higher concentration (1.26% w/v) and exposure period (72 h), while it was significantly lower at lower concentration (0.25% w/v) and exposure period (24 h). Kumar et al. (2011) observed higher mortality when An. stephensi was exposed to a higher concentration of neem seed kernel extract. Okumu et al. (2007) also recorded the higher mortality of An. gambiae s. s. larvae caused by a higher concentration of neem oil formulation, while the mortality rate was low at a lower concentration.
Synergistic effect of entomopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum extract in combination with temephos against three major mosquito vectors
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Perumal Vivekanandhan, Sengodan Karthi, Muthugounder S. Shivakumar, Giovanni Benelli
Our findings on the use of a binary combination of chemical insecticide and fungal secondary metabolites support earlier studies. Indeed, the combined use of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae metabolites with permethrin has been found to be very effective to kill mosquito larvae [37]. Increased toxicity of M. anisopliae metabolites in combination with neem oil against Anopheles gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus adults has been also reported [38]. Concering tests on other insect species, B. bassiana secondary metabolites combined with synthetic insecticides abamectin, triflumuron and carbaryl showed boosted insecticidal activity against the Colorado potato beetle [39]. Furthermore, the combination of chemical insecticide imidacloprid with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae enhanced the toxic effect and reduce survival Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae [40]. Combinations of imidacloprid with secondary metabolites from M. anisopliae show remarkable toxicity against German cockroaches [41]. Lecanicillium muscarium metabolites in combination with either imidacloprid, buprofezin, diflubenzuron, and nicotine, were found to be effective for controlling adults of Bemisia tabaci [42].
Toxicity of Caulerpa scalpelliformis selected fractions with fatty acids on Porthesia scintillans
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Kitherian Sahayaraj, Chinnarajan Ravindran, Selvaraj Jancy, Ganesan Pechidurai
Plants are the richest source of renewable active chemicals and alternative products (Koul and Dhaliwal 2000, Regnault-Roger et al.2005). To control early stage larvae of P. scintillans, neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) seed kernel extract (NSKE) or neem oil is employed, some plant extracts (Chockalingam and Sundari 1988) were used to manage P. scintillans.