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Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Some spice essential oils like thyme, cumin, clove, caraway, rosemary and sage completely inhibit growth of fungal mycelium and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Similarly, essential oils from celery and cumin inhibit aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The essential oils are fungistatic at lower doses but turn fungicidal at higher doses. Fungal and yeast cultures are more sensitive to cumin oil and cuminaldehyde than bacteria. Thyme, oregano, savory, sage, cinnamon, clove, vanilla and other spices also inhibit yeasts and molds. Essential oils from spices viz. ginger, cumin, bishop’s weed, coriander, basil, clove and mustard as well as eugenol exhibit variable degrees of inhibition against A. niger, S. cerevisiae, Mycoderma spp., as determined by the paper disk agar diffusion method.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Naftifine is a synthetic allylamine derivate with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. It can be fungicidal or fungistatic depending on the concentration and the organisms involved. Naftifine is indicated for the topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by the organisms Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton floccosum. Naftifine is also effective against gram-negative and gram-products, positive bacteria and has anti-inflammatory activity by targeting the prostaglandin pathway. In pharmaceutical naftifine is employed as naftifine hydrochloride (CAS number 65473-14-5, EC number not available, molecular formula C21H22ClN) (1).
Antifungal Activity Validation of Wild Plants used in Argentine Ethnomedicine
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Norma Hortensia Álvarez, Laura Noemí Fernandez, Gisela Marisol Seimandi, María Inés Stegmayer, Verónica Eugenia Ruiz, Marcos Gabriel Derita
Another drawback of the antifungals currently used is that some of them are fungistatic but not fungicidal causing recurrence (azoles). In addition, since it is difficult and usually takes time to diagnose a mycosis, especially if it is invasive, antifungals are often used preventively for long times. As a result, resistance to antifungal drugs has been growing alarmingly, constituting a serious problem for the very near future (Marr and Borden 1998).
In vitro and in vivo anti-Candida activity of citral in combination with fluconazole
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Katherine Miranda-Cadena, Cristina Marcos-Arias, Aitzol Perez-Rodriguez, Iván Cabello-Beitia, Estibaliz Mateo, Elena Sevillano, Lucila Madariaga, Guillermo Quindós, Elena Eraso
Overall, in the evaluation of the in vitro effect of the combination of citral and fluconazole, a synergistic effect was observed against planktonic and sessile cells as stated previously. The time-kill curves of the azole resistant isolates demonstrated that this effect should be considered fungistatic, as the reduction of 0.8 log10 CFU/mL by the combination of 256 mg/L and 8 mg/L of fluconazole was not significant. Nonetheless, in other studies, the reported results of citral alone on time-kill curves are diverse in terms of growth reduction. For example, it was reported a significant reduction of >1 log10 of growth from 6 h of treatment with citral in monotherapy [39], a fungicidal activity of citral from 4 h at the IC (64 mg/L) [33], and also a reduction in the growth of a clinical isolate equal to 3 log10 CFU/mL after 2 h of exposure to the IC and IC×2 of citral [16]. Finally, in another study it was also described fungicidal activity against half of the tested isolates using IC, while against the remaining isolates, IC×2 and 120 min exposure were required to reach fungicidal effect [40]. Since in our study the objective was to evaluate synergism at concentrations similar to those obtained by microdilution checkerboard assay, concentrations lower than the IC of citral in monotherapy were tested in the time-kill curves of the C. albicans isolates. Hence our results on the fungicidal effect of citral were lower than those reported by other authors that used concentrations equal to or higher than the IC.
Micafungin injection for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in pediatric patients under 4 months of age
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Nahed Abdel-Haq, Stephanie M. Smith, Basim I. Asmar
Clinical data regarding the efficacy of micafungin in treating documented neonatal Candida CNS infection remain limited and given concerns with limited penetration of micafungin into the CNS and the eye, in our practice we recommend liposomal amphotericin B for this indication pending further studies. We are not using fluconazole as a first line treatment of neonatal candidiasis in our patients due to its fungistatic properties in this compromised population as well as concern with fluconazole resistance. However, it may have an added role in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Micafungin may be used as alternative to amphotericin B when emerging adverse events necessitate discontinuation. Based on the current, though limited, data that suggest good tolerability of micafungin at doses as high as 10 mg/kg/day, we would recommend using micafungin, if indicated, at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day in all premature or ill neonates and infants <4 months of age with candidemia.
Azole resistance in Aspergillus species: promising therapeutic options
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Shirisha Pasula, Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar
It is a first-in-class agent (antifungal terpenoid) wielding a familiar mechanism of action. Like echinocandins, it inhibits 1,3-β-d-glucan synthesis to achieve antifungal effect. However, as a triterpenoid enfumafungin derivative, ibrexafungerp is structurally unique from the echinocandin class. Ibrexafungerp is highly bioavailable and can be administered as either an oral or intravenous formulation. It maintains activity against many species of Candida and Aspergillus [54]. In vitro studies have identified fungistatic activity against many Aspergillus species, including azole-resistant strains [55]. SCY-078 minimum effective concentrations₉₀ were 4-fold lower than minimum inhibitory concentrations₉₀ of voriconazole suggesting former drug might be effective as monotherapy against azole-resistant Aspergillus strains [55]. It has shown synergistic activity with an azole in vitro and in vivo neutropenic rabbit model with improved survival, mainly in wild type isolates [56]. It has been shown to be synergistic invitro when combined with amphotericin B in cyp51 mutant A. fumigatus [55]. Combination therapy of SCY-078 with an azole or amphotericin B showed no antagonism [55]. Ibrexafungerp is currently in phase II clinical trial to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of coadministration of SCY-078 with a mold-active azole (voriconazole) compared to voriconazole alone in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (NCT03672292).