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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Quorum sensing is the communication pathway between bacterial species that is based on chemical signals and through which their behavior can be determined. The main signaling molecule is primarily N-acyl homoserine lactones. Quorum sensing controls a number of features within a bacterial colony, such as their resistance, their motility and how they form biofilms, as well as their level of pathogenicity (McCarthy and O’Gara, 2015). Next-generation antimicrobials have the ability to decrease resistance and target the communication between bacteria known as quorum sensing/signaling. Ingested antibiotic adjuvants can increase the oral bioavailability of the antibiotic by inhibiting the quorum sensing between the pathogenic bacteria and making them less virulent and pathogenic, rendering them more susceptible to antibiotics. The gut microbiota mainly disrupts the communication between the pathogenic bacterial colonies and therefore prevents from taking place the initial stages of infection which involve integration within the host (Clemente et al., 2012).
Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Amita Dubey, Soni Gupta, Mushfa Khatoon, Anil Kumar Gupta
The cytotoxic effect of seven sesquiterpene lactones and lappadilactone of S. costus was tested in human cancer cell lines in which dehydrocostuslactone, costunolide, and lappa dilactone showed the major cytotoxic potential and their CD50 values in the time and dose-dependent manner were between 1.6 and 3.5 g/ml. The cytotoxic activities were nonspecific and displayed similar results on OVCAR-3, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines. The α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety was essential for the cytotoxicity as shown by the structure–activity relationship, and its activity was found to be decreased by the presence of -OH group (Sun et al., 2003).
Subfamily Bombacoideae
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Mariam I. Gamal El-Din, Fadia S. Youssef, Mohamed L. Ashour, Omayma A. Eldahshan, Abdel Nasser B. Singab
Cadinane sesquiterpenes constitute the second most representative constituents of this subfamily after flavonoids. Hemigossypol (90), isohemigossypol (93) and their methyl ether derivatives, hemigossypol-6-methylether (91), hemigossypol-1, 6, 7-trimethy) ether (92), isohemigossypol-1-methyl ether (94), isohemigossypol-2-methylether (95), isohemigossypol-1, 2-methylether (96), 2-acetyl-isohemigossypol-1-methylester (97), 7-hydroxycadalene (98), and Lacinilene C (99) have been isolated from Bombax ceiba, B. anceps (Sankaram et al. 1981, Seshadri et al. 1973) and Ceiba pentandra roots (Sichaem et al. 2010). In addition, sesquiterpene lactones are widely distributed in subfamily Bombacoideae, where 16 compounds (100-115) have been isolated from B. ceiba, Pachira aquatica (Zhang et al. 2008, Zhang et al. 2007) and C. pentandra (Puckhaber and Stipanovic 2001, Rao et al. 1993) (Table 15.12).
What dominates the changeable pharmacokinetics of natural sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene lactones: a review focusing on absorption and metabolism
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Ziwei Yu, Ziqiang Chen, Qijuan Li, Ke Yang, Zecheng Huang, Wenjun Wang, Siyu Zhao, Huiling Hu
When the drug flows from the stomach to the terminal intestine, the pH it suffered will changed significantly (e.g. the pH of stomach, duodenum and colon are 1.2, 5.5, and 7.0, respectively) (Wang et al. 2020). The phenomenon that lactone is converted to its corresponding carboxylic acid or carboxylate form by hydrolysis is ubiquitous (Yi et al. 2005). They are susceptible to acid and alkali-catalyzed hydrolysis (Gómez-Bombarelli et al. 2013a, 2013b), which means that they may have been transformed in the GI juice beforehand. Indeed, depending on structural differences, their responsiveness to pH varies greatly. In acidic condition, alantolactone can only remain stable for 15 min in simulated GI tract (Lee et al. 2016). The degradation of costunolide is obvious in about 10 min in the artificial gastric juice without pepsin (Li, Cao, et al. 2018).
In vitro assessment of cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of antimalarial drugs artemisinin and artemether in human lymphocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Plínio Cerqueira dos Santos Cardoso, Carlos Alberto Machado da Rocha, Tatiane Cristina Mota, Marcelo de Oliveira Bahia, Regianne Maciel dos Santos Correa, Lorena Monteiro Gomes, Diego Di Felipe Avila Alcântara, Taíssa Maíra Thomaz Araújo, Leopoldo Silva de Moraes, Rommel Burbano
Some studies in the literature have shown the ability of artemisinin and its derivatives to damage DNA, but there are still no reports of direct interaction between these compounds and the DNA. Burim et al. (2001) hypothesize that the DNA is not the primary target of these drugs, since most studies have demonstrated that lactones act mainly on the inhibition of enzymes responsible for the maintenance of the cell integrity. Therefore, the mutagenic and genotoxic effect observed in the present study can be explained otherwise. Since artemisinin and its derivatives have the property of generating reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl and superoxide anions radicals (Li et al.2009, Button et al.2014, Gopalakrishnan and Kumar 2015), it is possible that the mutagenic and genotoxic effect of artemisinin and artemether observed in our study is directly related to an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, because high concentrations of these elements can damage the genetic material (Li et al.2009).
Metabonomics of d -glucaro-1,4-lactone in preventing diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Wenlong Yang, Guanlin Zhou, Shubing Zou, Wentao Yang, Aihong Liu, Shuilin Sun, Baogang Xie
d-Glucaro-1,4-lactone (1,4-GL) naturally exists as an organic acid lactone in fruits, such as apples, grapefruits and oranges (Saluk-Juszczak 2010). Our previous study showed that the 1,4-GL content in apples ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 mg/g (Xie et al. 2016). β-Glucuronidase (β-GD), a hydrolase in intracellular lysosomes, is the byproduct of the reverse reaction of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) binding. This binding reaction decomposes glucuronic acid metabolites, such as steroids, environmental carcinogens and other substances. Therefore, the balance of the UGT and β-GD activities in vivo determines the ability of the body to metabolize and detoxify carcinogens (Heerdt et al. 1995; Walaszek et al. 1997). 1,4-GL is a specific inhibitor of β-GD in the body; it exerts a pharmacological activity that improves the body’s defence mechanisms and helps eliminate carcinogens (Heerdt et al. 1995; Bespalov and Aleksandrov 2012).