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Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diagnosis of CAD is based on medical history, physical examination, and routine blood tests. Other diagnostic tests include ECG, echocardiogram, an exercise stress test, a nuclear stress test, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac CT scan. Electrocardiogram can reveal evidence of a previous heart attack or even one that is currently happening. Echocardiogram allows for examination of all parts of the heart wall, revealing signs of CAD. An exercise stress test involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bicycle as an ECG is being performed, and sometimes an echocardiogram is done as well. For some patients, a medication is used to stimulate the heart instead of exercise. A nuclear stress test is similar to an exercise stress test, but provides images as well as ECG recordings, measuring blood flow to the heart muscle during stress and at rest via specialized cameras. In cardiac catheterization, a catheter is inserted into a groin, neck, or arm artery or vein and carefully pushed to the heart, guided by the use of various imaging techniques. Dye may be injected to improve imaging of the blood vessels and any blockages. A cardiac CT helps visualize calcium deposits in the arteries that can narrow them, indicating likely CAD. Also, in a CT coronary angiogram, a contrast dye is injected intravenously to produce detailed images of the coronary arteries (see Figure 9.1).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
MRI contrast dyes can be used in cancer imaging, to study the circulatory system (including circulation in the brain), to examine kidney function, and in numerous other applications. For example, contrast agents can enhance the ability of MRI to detect strokes and brain tumors because the contrast dye will distribute itself anywhere the blood–brain barrier has been breached (Figure 8.25). Just as in x-ray imaging, this technique can be used to map out the function of an organ, such as the kidney, by detecting the concentration and spatial distribution of the contrast medium and determining how it changes with time.
Eczema (dermatitis)
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
Other examples include allergy to chemicals in rubber, for example mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT) and thiouram, and to formalin. These allergies may cause dermatitis when wearing particular clothes, as, indeed, may sensitivities to dyes. Allergies to lanolin (in sheep-wool fat and in many ointments and creams) and to perfumes can cause dermatitis after the wearing of cosmetics. Modern-day ‘lanolin’ is much less of a problem because the potent allergenic components of natural wool have been removed during purification. Lanolin, ethylene diamine, Vioform, neomycin fragrances and local anaesthetics are amongst the many substances that may cause a dermatitis after using a cream or an ointment (dermatitis medicamentosa). Dyes (such as the black hair dye paraphenylene diamine) can also be the cause of allergic contact dermatitis (Fig. 10.23). Some materials are notorious for causing sensitivity and are not often used topically because of this, for example penicillin and sulfonamides.
Performance of chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Nhu Thi Hanh Vu, Duc Trong Quach, Ngoc Le Bich Dang, Quang Dinh Le, Doan Thi Nha Nguyen, Huy Minh Le, Nhan Quang Le, Toru Hiyama
The first group is the group of patients undergoing WLE alone. In the second group, WLE was first performed and later changed to NBI mode combined with chromoendoscopy. Indigo carmine dye was used for staining. All patients in both groups were obtained three mapping biopsies along the small curvature according to the updated Sydney Protocol: one from the antrum 2–3 cm proximally to the pylorus, one from the incisura angularis, and one from the lesser curvature about 4 cm proximally to the incisura angularis. In the group of patients examined with chromoendoscopy and NBI, the intended locations for mapping biopsies were marked using still endoscopic images after WLE examination. And mapping biopsies were only performed after the examination with chromoendoscopy and NBI to avoid poor observation of endoscopic lesions due to possible bleeding from the prior biopsy sites. If local lesions suspected of GIM and/or dysplasia which located outside of mapping biopsy location was detected during chromoendoscopy combined with NBI, further targeted biopsy would be taken. The time duration used for endoscopic evaluation of gastric mucosa with WLE was set at five minutes for all patients in both groups. An additional 5-min examination time was set for chromoendoscopy combined with NBI. The examination time did not include biopsy and dye spraying time. The detailed steps of patient recruitment and endoscopic examination are presented in Figure 1.
Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis – A Practical Review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
The lens capsule is colorless, but in the presence of a normal red reflex, the anterior capsule can easily be seen once a flap is created and deflected.4 Adequate visualization of the capsule is a prerequisite for the creation of a proper capsulorhexis.29 Staining the capsule helps visualization but might also stiffen the capsule and make it more vulnerable to tears. Additionally, trypan blue may damage the corneal endothelial cells.5 For these reasons, the use of dyes should be reserved for cases in which visualization is difficult, such as white cataracts, brunescent cataracts, vitreous hemorrhage, and corneal clouding.4,5,29 Capsule staining can also be useful for teaching purposes.5,29 A few approaches are available.4,5 In the most common approach, the stain is injected under an air bubble and washed out after 10 to 15 seconds. Trypan blue is the most often used, and it is the only dye that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).4,5,16,29 In addition, in 2006, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) reported that there is level III evidence that trypan blue, indocyanine green and fluorescein effectively stain the capsule.29 However, fluorescein is less convenient to use, and indocyanine green has less intensity and is not recommended for brunescent cataracts due to reduced contrast with the lens.5 Gentian violet has been found to provide comparable results to trypan blue in terms of capsule visualization, but it has an inferior safety profile.5
Adverse effects of textile dyes on antioxidant enzymes and cholinesterase activities in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Shaista Rahimi, Mahendra P. Singh, Jeena Gupta
Dyes are coloring pigments extensively used in industries like textile, paper, leather, food etc. and represent a major segment of chemical industry besides pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and petrochemicals; but their use is loaded with disagreements and controversies (Msagati 2013). Textile industries, the major consumer for dyestuffs market (consumes almost 70%) is therefore becoming an important monitoring target as their waste water are loaded with hazardous dyes (Zocolo et al.2015). If the treatment of this wastewater is not done properly, the contaminating dyes may reach the receiving water and through drinking water may expose human populations and biota (Tsuboy et al.2007, Carneiro et al.2010). Some dyes are not even completely removed following conventional treatments and their concentration may rise during dry season worsening the situation (Carneiro et al.2010, Vacchi et al.2017). The researchers are working on improving dye removal methods from waste waters and a recent study highlight the effectiveness of Alcea rosea root extract as natural coagulant for removing disperse dyes from aqueous solutions (Mahmoudabadi et al.2019).