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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Phenethyl alcohol is a colorless clear oily liquid; its odor type is floral and its odor at 100% is described as ‘sweet, floral, fresh and bready with a rosey honey nuance’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Phenethyl alcohol occurs naturally in the environment. It is produced by microorganisms, plants, and animals. It has been found as the free alcohol or esterified in a number of natural essential oils, and in food, beers, wines, whiskeys, spices, and tobacco. Commercial quantities of phenethyl alcohol are produced synthetically (9).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Phenethyl alcohol, a chemical with flavoring and antibacterial properties used in drug and food processing, was developmentally toxic in rats by the cutaneous route. At a dosage of 1.4 ml/kg applied on gestation days 6 to 15, terata were observed in all resulting fetuses, along with maternal toxicity.86
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters olfactory mucosa sensitivity in young mice but has no impact on olfactory behavior
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Vanessa Soubeyre, Laetitia Merle, David Jarriault, Stéphane Grégoire, Lionel Bretillon, Niyazi Acar, Xavier Grosmaitre, Anne Marie Le Bon
EOG recordings were performed on the OM as previously described [8,22]. Briefly, after sacrifice, the head was cut longitudinally, and the nasal septum was removed to expose the OM endoturbinates. A recording electrode inserted in a glass micropipette filled with a saline solution was positioned in the middle of endoturbinate III. Odorant stimulations were performed by blowing air puffs through an exchangeable Pasteur pipette enclosed in a plastic tube positioned 2 cm from the epithelial surface. A filter paper impregnated with 10 μL of an odorant solution was placed in the Pasteur pipette. Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and acetophenone (ACE) were used as odorants. EOG voltage signals were recorded using an Axoclamp amplifier (Axon Instruments, Molecular Devices, San Jose, USA) and digitized at a rate of 1 kHz using a Digidata 1440 (Axon Instruments). Data were analyzed using MATLAB routines to measure the peak amplitude and kinetics of the response to odorants. Dose–response curves were fitted with the Hill equation model using Prism software (GraphPad, San Diego, USA).
Effects of the odorant Hedione on the human stress response
Published in Stress, 2021
Speaking of chemosensory communication, the synthetic odorant Hedione requires closer examination. It was discussed as a potential modulator of hormonal release via binding to the VN1R1 receptor (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015). This receptor is structurally homologous to a pheromone receptor expressed in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of most mammals. Despite the lack of a functional VNO, the human olfactory system comprises five vomeronasal-type 1 receptors on the nasal mucosa (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015). Their exact function is still subject to investigation. In an fMRI study, Hedione elicited stronger limbic (amygdala, hippocampus) and hypothalamic activation (Wallrabenstein et al., 2015) than a common odor (phenylethyl alcohol). Further, two studies indicate that Hedione enhances reciprocity (Berger et al., 2017), and reduces subjective vicarious stress (Pützer et al., 2019).
Oleuropein isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophylla inhibits glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Mi Hye Kim, Ju-Sik Min, Joon Yeop Lee, Unbin Chae, Eun-Ju Yang, Kyung-Sik Song, Hyun-Shik Lee, Hong Jun Lee, Sang-Rae Lee, Dong-Seok Lee
The basic structure of Ole is characterized by a phenethyl alcohol structure of benzene rings linked through an alcohol group (Fig. 1A). First of all, we evaluated the dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of Ole on HT-22 cells. Ole alone has no cytotoxic effects on HT-22 cells until the 20 μM at 12 hours (Fig. 1B). To examine the ability of Ole to protect HT-22 cells from glutamate-induced toxicity, we incubated HT-22 cells with Ole at various concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μM. After 1 hour, 10 mM of glutamate was added to the cells to induce cytotoxicity. According to the MTT assay results, glutamate-induced cell death reduced on Ole treatment in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1C). Based on these data, we used 10 μM of Ole in subsequent experiments. We confirmed whether Ole suppresses glutamate-induced ROS accumulation in HT-22 cells using the oxidative-reactive fluorescent dye, CM-H2DCF-DA, using flow cytometry (Fig. 1D). As a result, glutamate increased intracellular ROS accumulation, whereas Ole effectively decreased ROS levels in HT-22 cells. Glutamate-induced lipid peroxidation also significantly reduced after treatment with Ole (Fig. 1E).