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Other Reactions from Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
T. Bullock, A. Sood, J.S. Taylor
Ethylene oxide (ETO) was first used as a sterilizing agent for medical supplies in 1962. It has now become the most widely used gaseous sterilization agent in the world.112,113 The ability of ETO to sterilize depends on its alkylating properties and irreversible bactericidal effect on cell metabolism. Over the years it has been used to sterilize several reusable medical supplies susceptible to heat, such as those made of plastic and rubber, in which ETO is soluble and retained in large amounts after sterilization. Chemical ETO treatment is very useful for sterilizing gloves in forensic science due to its ability to destroy contaminating DNA from saliva, blood, and skin cells. Treatment with chemical ETO was shown to be superior to gamma irradiation and electron beam treatment in reducing the amount of PCR-amplifiable DNA.114 Hazards associated with inadequate aeration of ETO-sterilized devices and equipment include cutaneous burns (e.g., from rubber gloves), tracheal inflammation (e.g., endotracheal tubes), hemolysis (e.g., from plastic tubing), and anaphylaxis (e.g., plastic and rubber tubing used for hemodialysis). 26,115,116 Adequate aeration of the devices is therefore imperative to ensure that all ETO residues are eliminated.26–28,117
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
How is surgical equipment sterilised?The majority of surgical instruments and drapes are sterilised using an autoclave (saturated steam at high pressure), at 134°C, a pressure of 2 atm for a holding time of 3 min. This kills all organisms including viruses and heat-resistant spores. The steam penetration is monitored with the Bowie–Dick test, which should be checked prior to every operation.Dry-heat sterilisation is used for moisture-sensitive instruments and those with fine cutting edges. The tools are heated to 160°C for 1 hour.Ethylene oxide is a highly penetrative gas used to sterilise heat-sensitive equipment (rubber, electrical equipment), and it will kill vegetative bacteria, spores and viruses.Gamma irradiation is used in industry to sterilise large batches of single-use items such as catheters and syringes.
Risk Characterization
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
Obviously, the presence of endogenous exposures that contribute to cancer risk raises the problem of determining attributable risk.147 A bottom-up approach for inclusion of including endogenous exposures as a lower bound when calculating a slope factor is one way of dealing with this, should regulatory agencies persist in using the LNT for TRV derivation for cancer endpoints.148,149 Another approach is the derivation of endogenous equivalent values using the correlation between external exposure and an internal biomarker. This approach proved to be a pragmatic way to provide context for estimating and managing risks from ethylene oxide exposures.150
Effect of different salivary glucose concentrations on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Arella Cristina Muniz Brito, Isis Morais Bezerra, Maria Heloisa de Souza Borges, Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti, Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida
The specimens were prepared using an acrylic resin based on PMMA (TDV®, Brazil) with polymerizable acrylic liquid, heat cured type (TDV®, Brazil), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resin during the plastic phase was deposited in a metal mold, and polymerization was carried out for 60 min at 100 °C. Then, the specimens (20 × 100 mm) were polished with abrasive sandpaper (400 and 600) in a polishing machine (Arotec®, São Paulo, Brazil) (Santana et al. 2013; Cavalcanti et al. 2014), and the mean surface roughness was determined (5.30 ± 3.94 µm) on a profilometer (CCI MP, Taylor Hobson, England) for specimen allocation in 24-compartment plates. The measurements were made at two different points of the specimen, with an increase of 20 × (WD = 4.7 mm), considering the measurement standards xyz (512 × 512 pixels) with a speed of 3×. The specimens were sterilized in ethylene oxide.
Study of biodistribution and systemic toxicity of glucose functionalized SPIO/DOX micelles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Nussana Thitichai, Chalaisorn Thanapongpibul, Man Theerasilp, Witaya Sungkarat, Norased Nasongkla
DOX was purchased from Vesino Industrial Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Hydrophobic SPIO was prepared using the same protocol as previously described (Sun et al. 2004). A mouse fibroblast cell line, L929, was obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank, Japan. Cells were grown in the Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS; Biochrom GmbH, Germany), and 1% of a penicillin-streptomycin solution (10,000 U/mL; Gibco™, Invitrogen, USA) at 95% relative humidity in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C. 3–(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazlium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Molecular Probes™ (Invitrogen, USA). Toluene, sodium chloride, tetrahydrofuran (THF), NaOH, and concentrated hydrochloric acid (37% wt. in H2O) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. For allyl-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) synthesis, the chemical reagents were 18-crown-6, naphthalene, and potassium chucks from Sigma-Aldrich. 3-Buten-1-ol was dried by stirring over calcium hydride for 5 days and distilled in an atmosphere of dry argon. Ethylene oxide was stored in a gas tank. Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was dried by stirring over calcium hydride for 3 days and was distilled under dry argon. Other analytical reagent grade chemicals were supplied by NanoPolyPEG, Co., Ltd., and the BioNEDD laboratory.
The Effect of Sterilization Methods of Endoscopic Instruments on the Body: A Study on Rat Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2018
Adnan Hut, Dogan Yildirim, Turgut Donmez, Cihad Tatar, Semih Mirapoglu, Rukiye Nilgun Erdogan, Zumrut Mine Isık Saglam, Huseyin Kilincaslan
Various equipment is used for the sterilization of the tools used in endoscopic surgeries, bronchoscopy, gastroscopy and in colonoscopic processes. In endoscopic processes, the effects of the substances used for sterilization may be eliminated with the acidity of the stomach to some extent. It was shown in studies that the direct contact of ethylene oxide has toxic effects on the eyes and on the respiratory system [2]. There are many studies conducted on the damaging effects of glutaraldehyde on the mucosa of the stomach and on the eyes and skins of the staff who contact it [3]. However, there are no studies conducted on the direct contact of these substances with sterile parts of the body. Since intraabdominal organs are in a sterile medium, it must be born in mind that even in low amounts of direct contact with these substances in a sterile medium may damage organ. Omentum is a leaf that covers the surface of the intraabdominal organs and protects them. For this reason, the first contact is with this during insufflation. Since the kidneys constitute a system that is used to eliminate toxic substances from the body, it is under the toxic effect of these substances. The substances used in sterilization are toxic for our body, and we need to know their possible damages when we use them.