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A Comparative Study of Organic Pollutants in Seawater, Sediments, and Oyster Tissues at Hab River Delta, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Sadar Aslam, Malik Wajid Hussain Chan, Grzegorz Boczkaj, Ghazala Siddiqui
In both oyster samples, several PAHs were identified. The PAHS are present in petroleum fractions, and they are formed during thermal cracking taking place in some processes of crude oil processing (Gilgenast et al., 2011; Boczkaj et al., 2014; Makoś et al., 2018a, 2018b). This indicates a health risk for humans in this region because PAHs are carcinogenic. However, Gardner et al. (1991) has well documented the concentrations of organic contaminates in eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and in sediments with reference to evidence scale as carcinogens. He gave a scale of carcinogens to different contaminants. According to his scale, Chrysene has limited evidence as carcinogens. Phenanthrene has inadequate evidence while anthracene and fluoranthene have no evidence of being carcinogenic. The only cancer promoter we detected in our results is pyrene. Bender et al. (1988) examined the distribution of PAHs in eastern oysters from the Elizbeth River, Virginia, and conducted laboratory studies compared the uptake and depuration of PAHs by eastern oysters and hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, with exposure to contaminated sediments from the Elizabeth River. Animals were exposed to contaminated sediments for 28 days, followed by a 28-day depuration phase. Oysters accumulated three to four times more total PAH than clams with similar uptake rates. Bioconcentration factors for oysters ranged from 1600 for phenanthrene to 36,000 for methyl-pyrene (Capuzzo, 1996).
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complex benzenoid compounds formed during incomplete combustion (196). The major sources of PAHs include domestic activities such as wood burning, frying, and barbecuing, as well as external origins like road traffic, fuel combustion in industry, forest fires, and more. Exposure to PAH-containing substances increases the risk of cancer in humans (196). The carcinogenicity of PAHs depends on the different chemical structure of the molecule. Fluoranthene is an important volatile PAH because it occurs at high levels in ambient air and because it has demonstrated carcinogenic property in certain test systems (196). Phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene also belong to PAHs and have carcinogenic property (196).
Methods for in Vitro Skin Metabolism Studies
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Phenanthrene was metabolized in vitro to 9,10-dihydrodiol, 3,4-dihydrodiol, 1,2-dihydrodiol, and traces of hydroxyphenanthrenes (Ng et al., 1991). Following topical administration of phenanthrene, approximately 7% of the percutaneously absorbed material consisted of the dihydrodiol metabolites.
Thais savignyi tissue extract: bioactivity, chemical composition, and molecular docking
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Mohamed R. Habib, Ahmed A. Hamed, Rasha E. M. Ali, Khaled M. Zayed, Rasha M. Gad El-Karim, Rehab Sabour, Hanaa M. Abu El-Einin, Mosad A. Ghareeb
Furthermore, pyridazine derivatives have been reported to have diverse biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties (Butnariu and Mangalagiu 2009). Quinoline derivatives have diverse biological activities and constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development (Orhan Puskullu et al. 2013). Various synthetic quinoline derivatives were screened for their biological activities. Some derivatives showed antibacterial (Narender et al. 2006; Reddy et al. 2009; Matada et al. 2021), antifungal (Musiol et al. 2006), and cytotoxic activity (Costa et al. 2020). Phenanthrenes are a relatively small group of natural products derived primarily from plants. Almost all of the phenanthrene compounds isolated from plants demonstrated a variety of biological activities, including antioxidants (Behery et al. 2013; Woo et al. 2014), antimicrobial (Guo et al. 2016; Tóth et al. 2016), and cytotoxicity (Ma et al. 2016). Other chemical classes represented in Ts-EtOAc extract, such as ketones, monoterpenes, fatty acid esters, stilbenoids, and sesquiterpenoids, have been shown to have beneficial biological activities (Mallesha et al. 2012; Abdel-Aziz et al. 2018; Akinwumi et al. 2018; Mothana et al. 2018; Ghareeb et al. 2019; Elkhouly et al. 2020). Hamed et al. 2020;
The induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in immune organs of developing chicks by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
A. R. Nisha, H. Hazilawati, M. L. Mohd Azmi, M. M. Noordin
Thymus showed an increase in AHR concentration (Figure 3, p < 0.0001) than bursa and spleen in all groups including controls. Bursa of Fabricius showed a marked increase in their AHR concentration at pyrene 2 and 20 mg/kg levels. However, the spleen did not show any change in AHR concentration even at pyrene dose of 20 mg/kg. Fluoranthene treated embryos had an increase in thymus AHR concentration in 2 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg dose levels. However, 0.2 mg/kg dose level showed no significant difference in thymus compared to control (Figure 4, p < 0.0001). Fluoranthene 20 mg/kg showed a marked increase in AHR concentration in bursa of Fabricius whereas the values were lower at 0.2 and 2 mg/kg dose levels. The spleen showed an increase at 20 mg/kg than control and vehicle values. Phenanthrene also showed a significant increase in AHR concentration in all three dose levels similar to pyrene and fluoranthene for the thymus (Figure 5, p value <0.0001). Phenanthrene caused an increase in AHR concentration in bursa of Fabricius similar to pyrene at 2 and 20 mg/kg dose levels whereas the increase in the AHR concentration was not marked in spleen.
Biofilms of Halobacterium salinarum as a tool for phenanthrene bioremediation
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Leonardo Gabriel Di Meglio, Juan Pablo Busalmen, César Nicolas Pegoraro, Débora Nercessian
Biofilms were monitored daily by optical sectioning and digital image analysis. Phase-contrast micrographs were taken at 2 µm steps using the motorized z-axis device. Cell coverage at every focal plane was estimated from phase-contrast images as described previously (Di Meglio et al. 2014). Biofilm thickness was calculated as the number of focal planes between the surface (0 μm) and the biofilm–liquid interface multiplied by 2 (Bakke and Olsson 1986). Only focal planes with a cell coverage greater than 1% were included in the stack. Fluorescence micrographs were used to determine phenanthrene auto-fluorescence as a way to monitor the relative amount of the compound remaining on the surface throughout the experiments. A 360/40 UV-2E/C filter was used in the excitation path while the emitted fluorescence was detected by a combination of a dichroic mirror of 300 nm and a suppressor filter 460/50 (blue region) (Smith et al. 2014). The exposure time was 3 s. Fluorescence analysis was made at 100X to maximize light signal. Light emission was quantified by analyzing histograms of micrographs taken at the biofilm/glass interface using NIS elements software (Nikon, USA). To obtain a relative fluorescence value (F) expressed in arbitrary units (AU), the following formula was applied: I’ is the luminous intensity from each pixel; ‘f’ refers to the frequency of pixels with the same intensity value and ‘ft’ is the total amount of pixels in the image (Robuschi 2014). Informed values are the resultant averages of three different histograms per each sampling image.