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The Spontaneous Induction of Bone Formation by Intrinsically Osteoinductive Bioreactors for Human Patients
Published in Ugo Ripamonti, The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
Incisor teeth of adult rodents were demineralized in 0.5 N hydrochloric acid, washed in water 2 h.; absolute ethanol, 1 h.; diethyl ether, 0.5 h. and dried overnight at 37°C (Reddi and Huggins 1973). The apices of half of the demineralized teeth were amputated to form tooth tubes with open ends (Reddi and Huggins 1973). On day 28, in demineralized incisor transplants, bone with bone marrow formed in the pulp chamber situated near to the aperture of the tooth (Fig. 7.15a). The closed apex showed on the other hand the induction of chondrogenesis attached to the dentine walls (Fig. 7.15alight blue arrow c).
General Anesthetics
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Anesthesia is nothing but a state of failure of feelings with or with no failure of consciousness. Although differences in the chemical structure and properties, the general anesthetics are able to produce the balanced state of anesthesia. Because of the reduction in central nervous system (CNS) property to an acceptable level, nowadays general anesthetics are routinely used for wide range of surgical and medical procedures (Brunton et al., 2011; Rang et al., 2011). Earlier in 1864, William Morton at Massachusetts General Hospital used the diethyl ether as anesthetic agents for experimental surgical procedure (Georg and Craig, 2010).
The advent of anaesthesia and antisepsis
Published in Harold Ellis, Sala Abdalla, A History of Surgery, 2018
Ether (or, to give it its full chemical name, diethyl ether) was first prepared in 1540. Like nitrous oxide, it was widely used in Europe and America as a party amusement, so there is nothing new in the behaviour of our modern youngsters in their experiments with mood-changing substances. Crawford Long (1815–1878), who was a general practitioner in Jefferson, Georgia, had himself inhaled ether and noticed that he might fall and bruise himself under the influence of the vapour without feeling any pain. He therefore tried out inhalation of the substance in 1842 to remove a couple of cysts from the back of a patient’s neck and indeed carried out a number of minor operations over the following years. However, he did not publish his experiences until 1849, by which time the use of ether was well established. It is not sufficient to make a discovery; it is also necessary to let the world know about it.
Design and fabrication of Sesamol-loaded transfersomal gel for wound healing: physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Nida Umam, Mohammad Ahmad, Poonam Kushwaha
Swiss mice of either sex weighing between 25 and 30 g were used in the study. Animals were procured from CDRI, Lucknow, India (CPCSEA approval#-IU/IAEC/19/17). All animal experiments were performed strictly as humane as possible and complied with the guidelines for animal care with the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee. The animals were kept in a separate polyacrylic cage containing paddy husk as bedding and maintained under standard housing conditions of temperature (20–24 °C), humidity (45–65%) artificial light (12:12-h light: dark cycle) with free access to food and water. Mice were acclimatized for 7 days after transport. Animals were provided with the commercial diet pellet (Dayal animal feed, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India) and ad-libtum water. All the surgical interventions were carried out under anesthesia using diethyl ether.
Gynura procumbens ethanol extract improves vascular dysfunction by suppressing inflammation in postmenopausal rats fed a high-fat diet
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Khuzaidatul Azidah Ahmad Nazri, Qodriyah Haji Mohd Saad, Norsyahida Mohd Fauzi, Fhataheya Buang, Ibrahim Jantan, Zakiah Jubri
Animals were randomly divided into eight groups comprising of six animals per group: sham rats; (i) control, (ii) 250 mg/kg GP, (iii) 500 mg/kg GP, (iv) atorvastatin (AVT); and postmenopausal rats; (v) PM, (vi) PM + 250 mg/kg GP, (vii) PM + 500 mg/kg GP, (viii) PM + ATV groups. Each group received either 250 or 500 mg/kg of GP or ATV at 10 mg/kg by oral gavage for 6 months concurrently with or without 2% cholesterol chow mixed with 15% (w/w) of five-times heated palm oil (5HPO). GP or ATV was administered in a maximum volume of 1 mL to each rat accordingly (Ahmad Nazri et al. 2019). Toxicity effects from GP and ATV supplementation were verified by liver function test. During the treatment, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored, and blood was collected at the interval of three months. At the end of the treatment period (6 months), the rats were fasted overnight before being sacrificed by exposing them to a low concentration of diethyl ether from a vaporizer (Yadav and Sisodia 2020). Inhalation of low concentration of diethyl ether for at least 2 min could lessen the irritation to the rats (Aguwa et al. 2020).
Brain targeting of chitosan-based diazepam mucoadhesive microemulsions via nasal route: formulation optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Srividya Ramreddy, Krishnaveni Janapareddi
Male Wistar rats were weighed and randomly divided into five groups, each group consisting of six rats weighing between 220 and 250 g. The rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether for a brief period of 3–4 min in a saturated chamber of ether. Anesthetized rats were administered the treatments intranasally using rat nasal catheter of Impel Neuro pharma (Figure 8). The rats were treated with, ME without drug (placebo) (group 1), Calmpose (Marketed product) via i.v route (group 2). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with diazepam solution (propylene glycol 40%), ME18, and MME2, respectively via nasal route at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. After 5 min of treatment, rats of all groups were administered PTZ intra peritoneally at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight to induce epileptic seizures. Rats were observed for 4 h and were videotaped. Behavioral responses of the animals were evaluated considering the onset of first minimal clonic seizure (MCS), onset of generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS) and mortality [39,40].