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Anesthetic Agents and Surgery during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Halothane is the prototype halogenated anesthetic agent. It was not associated with an increased frequency of birth defects among 26 infants whose mothers received halothane in the first trimester (Heinonen et al., 1977). Increased fetal loss, growth retardation, malformations, and behavioral abnormalities were reported in animal studies of halothane in pregnancy (Friedman, 1988). A case-control study of birth defects in infants born to female nurses exposed to anesthetic drugs during the first trimester found an increased frequency of birth defects associated with halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and nitrous oxide compared to 1,026 infants born to women not exposed to anesthetic gases during pregnancy (Table 6.3). It is important to note that the sample sizes are small, and the data are based entirely on self-report. Women with an infant with a birth defect are more likely to report exposures than women who had an infant without a birth defect (Teschke et al., 2011).
DRCOG MCQs for Circuit B Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Predisposing factors for primary postpartum haemorrhage include:Twins.Postmaturity.Polyhydramnios.Previous scar on uterus.General anaesthesia with halothane.
Anesthesia and the Patient with Epilepsy
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Samantha L. Mullis, A. Donald Finek
Halothane remains a popular choice of an inhalational anesthetic among anesthesiologists because of its inherent bronchodilatory properties, its ability to preserve coronary artery blood flow in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease, and its wide patient acceptance as an inhalational induction agent. To date, there is no evidence to suggest that halothane alone is epileptogenic, and in fact, it has been successfully used as a last resort in the control of status epiliepticus in patients refractory to other AED therapy (21–23).
Management of adreno-cortical adenomas using microwave ablation: study of the effects of the fat tissue
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Anna Bottiglieri, Martin O’Halloran, Giuseppe Ruvio, Laura Farina
An acute animal study is conducted at the Hospital Virtual Valdecilla (HvV), Santander, Cantabria, Spain, according to the approved protocol (National Regulatory Body approval and HvV Ethical Committee authorisation). An adult 20 kg sheep is used to test the ablation hypothesis in vivo on the left adrenal gland. The animal is positioned on dorsal recumbency and anesthetised with Ketamine (15–35 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). The anesthesia is maintained by halothane or isofluorane for the duration of the procedure. To access the adrenal gland, a ventral midline celiotomy is executed and the triaxial MW applicator is placed in direct contact with the surface of the adrenal gland beneath the adrenal layer. The use of a triaxial antenna makes access to the adrenal gland easier and less invasive due to the smaller diameter compared with the monopole antenna used in the ex vivo study. Figure 3 shows the positioning of the MW applicator adjacent to the adrenal gland and the surrounding fat; the figure also shows a schematization of the experimental setup.
Halogen gas exposure: toxic effects on the parturient
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Dylan R. Addis, James A. Lambert, David A. Ford, Tamas Jilling, Sadis Matalon
The elemental halogens are oxidizing and electrophile agents comprising Group 17 of the periodic table with a multitude of commercial and industrial uses. While these elements are utilized broadly in a variety of contexts in the modern era, the history of inhaled anesthetics provides an informative context through which to understand the potential benefits, toxic potential, and weaponization of halogen derivatives. The halogenated inhalational anesthetics are a prime example of the medicinal utility of the halogens with halothane being halogenated with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine; isoflurane with fluorine and chlorine; and both sevoflurane and desflurane halogenated only with fluorine (Suckling and Raventos 1958; Sherer and Kuhn 1960; Suckling and Raventos 1960; Rozov et al. 1993; Rozov et al. 1995; Terrell 1999).
Efflux pump inhibitors as a promising adjunct therapy against drug resistant tuberculosis: a new strategy to revisit mycobacterial targets and repurpose old drugs
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Liliana Rodrigues, Pedro Cravo, Miguel Viveiros
Halothane and isoflurane are general inhalation anesthetics used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia [167]. Halothane causes general anesthesia due to its actions on multiple ion channels, which ultimately lowers nerve conduction, breathing and cardiac contractility. Its immobilizing effects have been attributed to its binding to potassium channels in cholinergic neurons [168]. Isoflurane’s anesthetic effect is thought to be the result of: i) the reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times; ii) the activation of calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane; iii) the binding to the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase; iv) the binding to the GABA receptor, the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor [169]. The potential M. tuberculosis target identified in this study is a probable NADH dehydrogenase I (chain H) (Rv3152). We did not find any published study of these agents as antimycobacterials and little is known about the antibacterial mechanisms of anesthetics, with previous studies reporting contradictory results [170–172]. The technical difficulties associated with the study of these agents may be responsible for the variety of results obtained.