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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Naturally Occurring Flavoalkaloids
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Rashmi Gaur, Jyoti Gaur, Nikhilesh Kumar
Wang et al. (2005) isolated two unusual flavoalkaloids, (-)-Glymontanine A (68) and B (69), which contained a thiocarbamate group from the twigs and leaves of Glycosmis montana Pierre. (Figure 21.2). The absolute configuration of flavoalkaloids 68 and 69 were assigned based on CD spectra. Xu et al. (2012) isolated the pseudodimeric flavoalkaloid 6-aminoacryloylchamaejasmin (70) from the roots of Ormocarpum kirkii Moore. collected in Tanzania (Figure 21.2). The absolute configuration of 70 was assigned based on CD spectra. Qui et al. (2013) isolated an unusual flavonoid containing a nitroalkyl group (71) from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes, Lindl. collected in Guizhou Province, China (Figure 21.2). This compound showed significant activity (122% survival rate) against human liver cells from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Antihelmintics [Greek: anti, against + helminth, worm] Male fern was used against tapeworms and roundworms by Theophrastus (370–285 BC), Pliny (AD 28–79) and Galen (129–200).This was revived as treatment for hookworm by Edoardo Perronicito (1847–1936) in 1880 and thymol was recommended by Camillo Bozzolo (1845–1920) of Turin in 1881. Chenopodium was used as an antihelmintic by W. Schuffner and H.Vervoort in Sumatra, in 1913. A critical method of testing the efficacy of antihelmintics on animals was introduced by a veterinarian from the US Bureau of Animal Industry, Maurice Crowther Hall (1881–1938) and E.B. Cram in 1915. Carbon tetrachloride was introduced by Maurice C. Hall in 1921. However, the active ingredient of oil of Chenopodium, ascaridole, continued as the most commonly used drug for hookworm and roundworm. Tetrachloroethylene replaced carbon tetrachloride in 1925, owing to its lower toxicity. The curative effect of emetine against schistosomiasis was demonstrated by A.C. Hutcheson in 1913. See Dryopteris felix mas.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Carbon tetrachloride is used in the manufacturing of fluorocarbon propellants. It is used as a solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber, waxes, and resins. It is also used as a degreasing and cleaning agent and as a fumigant.100 It is found in worm killers, fire extinguishers, shampoos, and bathroom cleaners.101,102 CCI4 is a toxic substance that can enter the body by several routes, including the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It is highly toxic to the liver and kidney.103 Large acute exposures result in liver necrosis. Exposures can result in mucous membrane irritation, CNS depression, and changes in blood cells and metabolism.103 Both acute and chronic exposures can be hazardous to health,104 resulting in the frequently noted symptoms of upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, headache, and dizziness.101 Alcohol potentiates the CCI4 intoxication.105–107 While fatalities have occurred following accidental or medicinal ingestion of CCI4, most deaths have resulted from inhalation of its vapors. Elkins101 reported a serious illness following “a few days exposure” to CCI4 levels of 130 ppm. Other reports detail illness occurring upon chronic exposure to concentrations of CCI4 between 25 and 100 ppm.108–112 Liver damage was seen in laboratory animals following daily exposures of 10 ppm, and questionable damage was observed in the guinea pig at 5 ppm.71
In silico and in vivo demonstration of the regulatory mechanism of Qi-Ge decoction in treating NAFLD
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chong Peng, Jing Li, Xuehong Ke, Fengbin Liu, Ke-er Huang
Qi-Ge decoction (QGD) is a prescription that originated from the ‘Zhengzhihuibu’, which was written by Yongzi Li during the Qing Dynasty of China in 1687 AD. QGD comprises Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) (Huangqi) and Puerariae lobatae radix (Gegen) in combination with Citrus reticulata blanco (Rutaceae) (Chenpi). In clinical practice, QGD is widely used because of its various medicinal properties. It contains multiple active compounds, including flavonoids, polysaccharides and triterpenoids, that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in preclinical and clinical studies. It is commonly used to treat fatty liver diseases (alcoholic or nonalcoholic) and gastric mucosal injury and to protect against acute liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride. Additionally, some studies have found that it has efficacy in treating diseases of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, including diabetes and hyperlipidemia, in vivo [7,8]. However, the effects of QGD on NAFLD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are not fully understood. Additionally, Chinese formulas such as QGD often exert their pharmacological effects through multiple targets and a large number of signaling pathways, making it challenging to unravel the underlying mechanism of action [9,10]. As a result, researchers using traditional pharmacological methods may find it difficult to systematically analyze the effects of QGD on NAFLD-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of action of QGD in NAFLD.
Re-evaluation of the anticarcinogenic effect of metformin in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model not associated with diabetes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Fatima A. M. El-Deeb, Yomna I. Mahmoud, Nagwa H. A. Hassan
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (0.95 g/ml; Sigma N0258-1 G; St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbon tetrachloride was obtained from Research Lab (Serial# 02076; Batch# 02076170415). Metformin hydrochloride (Glucophage® 1000 mg, equivalent to 780 mg of metformin) was bought from Minapharm (10th of Ramadan, Egypt). Kits for determining serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT; catalog # 41280), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; catalog # 41264), and albumin (ALB; catalog # 1001291) were purchased from SPINREACT, S.A./S.A.U. (Ctra. Santa. Coloma, Spain). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP; catalog # 214002) kit was from SPECTRUM Diagnostics (Cairo, Egypt). Bilirubin (Bil; catalog # 235672), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; catalog # 197000) kits were from ABCAM (United Kingdom). Mouse alpha- fetoprotein (AFP) ELISA kit was from CUSABIO (Catalog # CSP- E08282m; San Diego, CA, USA).
Synergistic hepatoprotective effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils against CCl4-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver damage in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Sunil Chikkalakshmipura Gurumallu, Tareq Aqeel, Ashwini Bhaskar, Kannan Chandramohan, Rajesha Javaraiah
The liver is a vital organ that plays an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, drugs, viral infections, and chronic alcoholism (Hsouna et al. 2019). Carbon tetrachloride is a well-known hepatotoxicant used to induce liver damage, which involves cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic biotransformation of highly reactive metabolites, which initiate the oxidation of cellular structures and cause several diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders (Essawy et al.2018, Hsouna et al. 2019). In recent years, there are upsurges in the prevalence of various degenerative and chronic diseases, including cancer, in low, middle, and high-income countries worldwide, which has led to the consumption of drugs with various disadvantages like expensive, consumption for a long time, different side effects, and interactions with other molecules, drug resistance and contraindications (Wells and Stock 2020). Consequently, the interest of consumers is being shifted toward health-promoting and disease preventive natural bioactives, which exhibit their synergistic and combinatorial potencies with each other and/or also with drugs as nutraceutical and therapeutic agents, respectively.