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Alternative Modes of Tissue Coagulation and Removal
Published in Sujoy K. Guba, Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Erosion involves cellular morphology transformation extending to a small depth in the region of the external os. Hence the equipment needs to have thermal transfer capacity only sufficient for superficial effect. A cryoprobe as shown in Figure 14.4 is employed.10 To fit the cervical os an appropriate size end cone has to be selected. Commonly nitrous oxide refrigerant is used but the equipment may also be designed for carbon dioxide or freon gases.
Surgical treatment of skin disorders
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
Cooling the skin surface with ice in a bag may be sufficient for some procedures, such as diathermy to skin tags or laser treatment. For more extensive treatments, machines such as the SmartCool®, which generate cold air can be used, and icebags and SmartCool® have largely replaced other volatile skin refrigerants such as ethyl chloride, which is highly inflammable, and chlorofluorocarbons, which are ozone-depleting.
Promoting the health of the medical profession: environmentalism and commercialism in medical education
Published in Norman J. Temple, Andrew Thompson, Excessive Medical Spending, 2018
Iahn Gonsenhauser, Danny George, Peter J. Whitehouse
An example that illustrates the difficult nature of corporate social responsibility is McDonalds. That company has reduced waste by 300 million pounds per year since the 1980s and has become a major consumer of recycled materials. In addition, it has stopped using poultry treated with fluoroquinolones, an antibiotic that compromises the effectiveness of some antibiotics to treat humans. Sustainable fishing practices are supported by the company, as is the use of refrigerants that do not contain Freon and hydrofluorocarbons. In Sweden, the company uses only renewable sources of energy and serves organic food with a “happy meal” that includes vegetable nuggets and carrots.20 Even with all these attempts at incorporating socially and environmentally responsible practices, the products marketed and sold, however they may be produced, are themselves questionable in terms of nutritional value.
Inhalant misuse reported to America’s Poison Centers, 2001–2021
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Raymond L. Hogge, Henry A. Spiller, Sandhya Kistamgari, Marcel J. Casavant, Natalie Rine, Nichole L. Michaels, Motao Zhu, Gary A. Smith
The reversal in 2010 of the rate of “Freon and other propellants” misuse was abrupt and dramatic, and it coincided with the initiation of a 10-year plan by the US EPA to phase-out refrigerants that contain hydrochlorofluorocarbons through Section 608 of the Clean Air Act [27]. The Clean Air Act was amended in 1990 to establish long-term goals according to the Montreal Protocol, an international environmental agreement aimed at regulating the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances contributing to climate change [28]. The Montreal Protocol established the goal of completely phasing out hydrochlorofluorocarbons by the year 2030 [28]. To meet this goal, the US EPA banned the production, import, and use of the refrigerants FreonTM (also known as hydrochlorofluorocarbon [HCFC]-22 or R-22) and HCFC-142b starting January 1, 2010, except for continuing servicing needs of existing equipment [27,29]. Although a complete ban on the production and import of these refrigerants (including for servicing of existing equipment) did not occur until January 1, 2020, the 2010 regulation resulted in a sharp decline in the use of FreonTM and HCFC-142b in home refrigerating units [28].
Passive cooling of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues using phase changing materials: feasibility study using a numerical model
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Ricardo Romero-Méndez, Francisco G. Pérez-Gutiérrez, Joseph J. Musacchia, Walfre Franco
The cooling methods briefly described above are active cooling methods, that is, the heat extraction process relies on actuation, such as in blowing air, spurting a refrigerant and circulating a liquid or current to create a temperature difference. In terms of control, these cooling methods are either open loop if temperatures are not monitored and do not drive the cooling process, like in spray and air cooling, or closed loop if temperatures are monitored and used to drive the cooling process, like in the treatment for subcutaneous fat. In general, active closed-loop cooling methods provide higher degrees of certainty in inducing the desired temperatures at the expense of complexity in implementing such methods. In contrast, passive open-loop cooling methods can be as precise in cooling and extremely simple to implement but do not allow verification of target temperatures. As an example, consider the universal and centuries-old application of ice.