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Environment and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Tristi Brownett, Joanne Cairns
Ozone depletion is not entirely responsible for climate change because as the earth orbits around the sun there is also a natural global warming of the planet. This natural warming is exacerbated by solar events such as solar flares or the trapping of particles and gases from volcanic eruptions, sea salt and Saharan dust (Highwood, 2018). The recent escalation in global warming is due to an increase in these trapped gases and particles which affect the usual functioning of the stratosphere and its neighbouring troposphere. These gases, which are sometimes called greenhouse gases, include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). When released into the stratosphere, they accumulate and essentially act as a planetary quilt allowing heat from the sun to enter the earth’s stratosphere, but not to escape so easily. This is the enhanced ‘greenhouse effect’ (IPCC, 1988).
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Irene De Francesco, Sean Whittaker, Stephen L. Morris
The most potent environmental agent capable of inducing skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The incidence of NMSC increases with decline in latitude, being highest in Australia, with an annual incidence rate per million population of 1372 for men and 702 for women.4,5 Ozone depletion in the atmosphere, allowing more harmful radiation to reach human skin, is probably partly responsible for the alarming increase in incidence. This is compounded by the popularity of sunny holidays abroad, outdoor recreational activities, and the culture of the bronzed body beautiful. Soldiers during World War II who had high UV light exposure while serving in North Africa have a very high incidence of NMSC and are entitled to compensation from the Ministry of Defence (MOD), which many have successfully claimed.
Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Balaji Bharatwaj, Rodrigo S. Heyder, Lin Yang
pMDIs were invented in 1950s at the Reiker Laboratories, Inc. (now 3M) as a response to a need to efficiently deliver drugs to the lungs. The first pMDI drug products were solution formulations of epinephrine and isoproterenol in chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants and co-solvent ethanol, and were approved by the FDA a year after the invention of pMDIs (Anderson 2005). This new invention that allowed targeting of drugs to the lungs was followed by the approval of more than 20 CFC-based pMDIs within the next four decades. For a detailed historical perspective of therapeutic aerosols, including pMDIs, the readers are directed to (Stein and Thiel 2017). A new phase for pMDIs started with the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which represented the beginning of the phase out of the ozone depleting CFCs. Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants were then introduced in the market, leading to innovations in device and materials for pMDIs, and new materials and particle engineering concepts for their (re)formulation. A number of HFA-based pMDIs have been introduced in the US market since then—a complete list1 of the HFA-based pMDIs in the US is shown in Table 18.1.
Inhalant misuse reported to America’s Poison Centers, 2001–2021
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Raymond L. Hogge, Henry A. Spiller, Sandhya Kistamgari, Marcel J. Casavant, Natalie Rine, Nichole L. Michaels, Motao Zhu, Gary A. Smith
The reversal in 2010 of the rate of “Freon and other propellants” misuse was abrupt and dramatic, and it coincided with the initiation of a 10-year plan by the US EPA to phase-out refrigerants that contain hydrochlorofluorocarbons through Section 608 of the Clean Air Act [27]. The Clean Air Act was amended in 1990 to establish long-term goals according to the Montreal Protocol, an international environmental agreement aimed at regulating the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances contributing to climate change [28]. The Montreal Protocol established the goal of completely phasing out hydrochlorofluorocarbons by the year 2030 [28]. To meet this goal, the US EPA banned the production, import, and use of the refrigerants FreonTM (also known as hydrochlorofluorocarbon [HCFC]-22 or R-22) and HCFC-142b starting January 1, 2010, except for continuing servicing needs of existing equipment [27,29]. Although a complete ban on the production and import of these refrigerants (including for servicing of existing equipment) did not occur until January 1, 2020, the 2010 regulation resulted in a sharp decline in the use of FreonTM and HCFC-142b in home refrigerating units [28].
A rutin nanocrystal gel as an effective dermal delivery system for enhanced anti-photoaging application
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Jing Li, Weilong Ni, Mayinuer Aisha, Juanjuan Zhang, Minjie Sun
Skin photoaging is a kind of accelerated skin-aging damage resulting from continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is mainly characterized by dryness, erythema, deep wrinkles, and pigment formation [1]. UV radiation, actually referring to UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (275–320 nm), often induces the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the destruction of oxidative stress dynamic balance and the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, which is the critical determinant in the formation of skin photoaging [2–4]. In recent years, the risk of photoaged skin has increased sharply due to the deterioration of ozone depletion, which has seriously threatened human health [5]. The application of dermal preparations containing antioxidants is a potent approach to inhibit photoaging caused by UV irradiation.
Nationwide Trends in the Incidence and Survival of Eyelid Skin Cancers in Korea
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2020
Su-Kyung Jung, Jiwon Lim, Suk-Woo Yang, Donghyun Jee, Young-Joo Won
In this study, melanoma incidence did not show an increasing trend, which is consistent with previous studies reported for Asian populations.25,27,35 This trend is different from the trend reported in Western countries, where the incidence of cutaneous melanoma is still on the rise, particularly among fair-skinned Caucasian populations.36,37 UV exposure induced by ozone depletion is a risk factor for skin cancers, and genetic susceptibility among ethnic groups could also contribute to the carcinogenesis of malignant melanoma. While the exact mechanism of skin cancer development remains uncertain, and eyelid melanoma remains a rare condition, accounting for <1% of all cutaneous malignant melanomas,38 and occurring almost exclusively in Caucasians, comparisons of eyelid melanoma incidence between worldwide populations has many limitations and limited utility.