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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The ban on endosulfan will leave dicofol as the last major chlorinated pesticide allowed today in the United States, where it is used to kill mites, mostly on cotton and citrus crops. Pentachlorophenol is also used as a pesticide, although its use is restricted to treatment of railroad ties and utility poles, not food crops. Lindane is banned from crops but continues to be used in prescription shampoos for treating lice.
Biomarkers of Toxicant Exposure
Published in Anthony P. DeCaprio, Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
Lipophobic (i.e., hydrophilic) compounds, which are referred to as non-persistent, have relatively short biological half-lives and tend to metabolize rapidly. Their metabolites are usually even more lipophobic and are excreted in the urine. Consequently, assessment of exposure to nonpersistent chemicals is generally conducted using urinary biomarkers, and concentrations are reported as the amount in urine or on an adjusted basis using creatinine, specific gravity, or osmolality. Pentachlorophenol is an example of a chemical that has both a lipophilic moiety and a lipophobic moiety, and exposure can be assessed in blood or urine (28). Similarly, exposure assessments for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have used biomarkers in blood, urine, and exhaled breath (29, 30).
Antiseptics *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
The antioxidants di-tertiary-butyl-p-cresol (BHT, DBPD) and 4,4′-thiobis(6-tertiary-butyl-m-cresol) have exposure limits of 10 mg/m3 and estimated fatal doses of 30 g. The fatal doses of other phenols are listed in Table 25.1. Even a weak phenolic compound such as tannic acid has caused fatalities when given rectally in excessive doses. For this reason ‘universal antidote’, which contains tannic acid, should never be used. To protect aquatic life, the level of pentachlorophenol in natural water should never exceed 3 µg/l.
2-Naphthalenemethanol participates in metabolic activation of 2-methylnaphthalene
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Kunna Li, Ying Zou, Yang Wang, Mengyue Zhou, Jing Li, Rong Tan, Shiyu Zhang, Weiwei Li, Jiang Zheng
2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene (purity >98%), 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN, purity >98%), and 2-naphthalenemethanol (2-NM, purity >98%) were supplied by Beijing InnoChem Science & Technology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). 3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), sulfaphenazole, quinidine, ketoconazole, ticlopidine, methoxsalen, α-naphthoflavone, and disulphiram were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) was acquired from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Glutathione (GSH), NADPH, pronase E, DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), and α-chymotrypsin were obtained from SalarBio (Beijing, China). Distilled water was provided by Wahaha Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). All organic solvents were provided by Fisher Scientific (Springfield, NJ). All reagents and solvents used were at least of analytical grade.
Hepatoprotective effects of vitamin E against hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats: histological, biochimical and antioxidant status changes
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Hela Chalouati, Mohamed Moncef Ben Sâad, Laurence Payrastre
Several drugs, xenobiotics and environmental pollutants are known to cause an imbalance between formation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Biological enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants can prevent the uncontrolled formation of free radicals and activate oxygen species or inhibit their reaction with biological structures. In fact, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are the key enzymes for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in all organisms. These enzymes provide a first line of defense against oxygen radicals (Pandey et al. 2001). We have found a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase in liver of HCB treated rats. Catalase activity was also decreased in liver during HCB exposure. CAT considered as an hemoprotein with a prosthetic group, its activity is inhibited by the superoxide radical (Kono and Fridovich 1982). The antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase, protect superoxide dismutase against inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. Reciprocally, the SOD protects catalase and peroxidase activities against inhibition by superoxide anion. In addition, intoxication with HCB induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thus could be due, according to Wang et al. (2001), to pentachlorophenol (PCP), a major HCB metabolite, considered as a potent source of ROS. In our experimental study, a decrease of SOD and CAT activities could be explained by the massive production of superoxide anions, helping in the removal of H2O2 formed during the reaction catalyzed by SOD.
A brief review of the current knowledge on environmental toxicants and risk of pediatric cancers
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2022
Omar Shakeel, Philip J. Lupo, Simon Strong, Manish Arora, Michael E. Scheurer
Herbicides and pesticides used for food crops and in/around the home are also listed in Table 1. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as an herbicide, biocide, and preservative worldwide since 1930 prior to being discontinued, and a meta-analysis suggested parental occupational exposure before pregnancy might increase the risk of leukemia and lymphoma in themselves and their children.24 Other studies have also reported parental exposure to pesticides during pregnancy to be associated with childhood lymphoid and myeloid leukemia.25–28 Other chemical compounds in this group, including tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and lindane have not been evaluated for risk of pediatric cancers.