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Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The use of disinfectants is widespread in healthcare for cleaning surfaces and objects, sterilizing instruments, and skin disinfection. Gloves are to be used for preventing contact with disinfectants, as they may cause allergic and irritant reactions.21–25 Common agents in disinfectants are ethyl alcohol, 2-propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol), formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine gluconate, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and povidone-iodine. The use of hydro-alcoholic gels with gloves, and its relevance to infection control and COVID-19, are discussed further in Chapter 27.
Emerging Nanotechnology-Enabled Approaches to Mitigate COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Maria Shoukat, Samiullah Khan, Arshad Islam, Maleeha Azam, Malik Badshah
COVID-19 is highly contagious due to its diverse routes of transmission. Current research demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can easily spread by touching contaminated surfaces and micro-droplets emitted from infected persons. It can survive for 3 hours in air, 24 hours on cardboard, 72 hours on plastics, 4 hours on copper and 48 hours on stainless steel (Van Doremalen et al. 2020). It is recommended to use chemical and physical disinfectants to mitigate contamination. In this context, disinfectants, sanitisers, and PPE are significantly important (WHO 2020a). Many different disinfectant agents are recommended in literature, including soaps/surfactants, alcohols, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide, etc. (Du et al. 2018). According to a recent study on perspectives of COVID-19, drawbacks of currently used disinfectants are highlighted to search for more effectual disinfectants and sanitisers (Lei et al. 2020).
Prevention and Control Strategies for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Isfendiyar Darbaz, Gizem Morris, Şükrü Tüzmen
Shielding entails remaining at home (home quarantine) and avoiding direct contact with someone who is either a potentially asymptomatic or symptomatic COVID-19 patient, avoiding congested public places, excessive travel, and keeping a distance of at least two meters between people, particularly if they are coughing or sneezing; hand shaking should be avoided, hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds with soap and water, or a hand sanitizer containing at least 75% alcohol should be used on a regular basis, particularly after touching common surfaces in public spaces. Touching eyes, nose, and mouth should be avoided and surfaces should be wiped with disinfectant sprays. Use of medical masks (especially N95, 12–16-layer cotton or surgical masks) or a respirator may be necessary because of the long incubation period and the presence of asymptomatic patients (especially FFP3). Furthermore, medical shields or protective suits are recommended, particularly for healthcare workers. Since gloves may easily become infected, wearing gloves in public does not provide adequate protection against COVID-19 [9, 14]
Fatty acids, esters, and biogenic oil disinfectants: novel agents against bacteria
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Aruna Lamba, Jonathan Kopel, David Westenberg, Shubhender Kapila
In recent years, there has been a growing need to develop new and safe antimicrobial agents against various microorganisms in medical devices, the food industry, and storage spaces.1 Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents applied to nonliving objects to destroy microorganisms through a process known as disinfection. Disinfectants are distinguished from antibiotics in that antibiotics destroy or inhibit microorganisms within the body while disinfectants destroy microorganisms on the surface on living tissue and inanimate objects. Furthermore, agents used to eliminate pathogens on the surface are classified as either disinfectants or sterilization. The two methods are distinguished by the presence or absence of an endospore. Specifically, disinfection is the removal of pathogens while leaving endospores in place, whereas sterilization is the total destruction of both endospores and pathogens. Disinfectants are abundantly used in hospital laboratories and other health care facilities to treat different surfaces.2
Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide treatments in preventing biofilm clogging in drip irrigation systems applying treated wastewater
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Nathan Japhet, Jorge Tarchitzky, Yona Chen
Farmers generally treat their DI systems by periodically applying highly concentrated chemicals and flushing the lateral lines. There are two main chemical treatments: (1) acidification to remove chemical fouling, specifically CaCO3 precipitation in Israeli DI systems; and (2) biocides such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Katz et al. 2014). Chemical treatments for inactivating microorganisms are based on exposing the microorganisms to a disinfectant. Two of the most common disinfectants used are chlorine species and hydrogen peroxide. Chlorination prevents biofilm formation by killing bacteria and/or inhibiting bacterial reproduction and is the least expensive method for treating clogging due to biofouling (Li et al. 2010). Common sources for active chlorine include chlorine gas (Cl2(g)), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl(l)), and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2(s)) (Nakayama et al. 2007). This group has found, however, that treatment with NaOCl or HOCl could damage the diaphragm in the pressure-compensating emitter, leading to reduced emitter performance (Green et al. 2018).
Technical Tips: Keeping It Clean during COVID-19
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2020
Anna M. Bonner, Petra Davidson
Always refer to and follow the manufacturer’s instruction for cleaning and disinfecting. If an EPA or ACC-approved disinfectants against COVID-19 (such as a Cavi-wipe or Super Sani-Cloth) are not available, use either 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or equivalent solution with a lint-free wipe (CDC 2020g; WHO 2014). If residues remain, continue wiping the surfaces until visibly free of residue (CDC 2008; WHO 2014). Because the presence of organic material may inactivate the effectiveness of bleach solutions, 70% IPA is recommended for cleaning (CDC 2008). Allow for appropriate dwell and dry time as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. If a 5–6% solution of bleach is used for non-critical patient care items instead of IPA or an EPA/ACC-approved disinfectant, then ensure surface contact for at least one minute (CDC 2020g). Thoroughly wipe all surfaces of the NDT equipment that has entered any room of a patient positive or under investigation for a highly contagious disease including cables, cart, wheels, everything, and inspect for visible residue.