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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a highly active cytotoxic oxidant recognized as a potent antiseptic and disinfectant agent against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Sodium hypochlorite reacts with proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and inactivates enzymes essential in the energy-yielding metabolism of microorganisms. Hydrolysis occurs when NaOCl contacts water-forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the less active hypochlorite ion (OCl). Hypochlorous acid then splits into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the oxygen atom (O), a strong oxidator, which diffuses through the microbial cell wall, changing the oxidation–reduction potential of the cell. As NaOCl is naturally occurring in human neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, an allergic reaction does not occur, is not mutagenic or carcinogenic, and it has a century-long safety record of use.151,152 For periodontal disease management, studies have shown that a very dilute solution 0.2% is highly effective as an antiseptic. NaOCl, at concentrations of 5%–6% as found in common household bleach, can cause irritation to the skin, mucous membranes and the eyes, and although the irritant effect is reversible, NaOCl at these concentrations should never be used for oral rinsing.
Norovirus
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
During outbreaks, hands should be washed with soap and running water for a minimum of 20 seconds after providing care for patients with suspected or confirmed infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be used in addition to water and soap. For disinfection, a bleach concentration of 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite prepared fresh daily should be used. Unaffected areas should be cleaned first followed by cleaning of affected areas. Similarly, cleaning should start in low contamination areas and move to high contamination areas.
Methods in Experimental Pathology of the Pleura
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Ten to fifteen grams of tissue are minced and digested in 200 ml laboratory grade sodium hypochlorite for 2-3 days (Smith and Naylor, 1972; Sebastien et al., 1980). Most of the clear supernatant is then removed and the remaining solution with particles is mixed with 14 ml chloroform and 20 ml of 70% alcohol and agitated vigorously. Following centrifugation at 600 rpm for 10 min, the top two layers are discarded and the particles in the chloroform layer are placed on a carbon planchet or on nucleopore filter (pore size 0.2 μm) for SEM and XEDS (Kimizuka and Wang, 1985). The same material can also be deposited on a Formvar- and carbon-coated grid for TEM analysis. More elaborate procedures for the TEM study can also be used (Sebastien et al., 1980).
Acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized electrochemically generated solution of sodium hypochlorite
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Bohdan Murashevych, Dmitry Girenko, Hanna Maslak, Dmytro Stepanskyi, Olha Abraimova, Olha Netronina, Petro Zhminko
Protein degradation in lysosomes is carried out by acidic hydrolases – cathepsins. Cysteine cathepsins, in particular cathepsins B and L, play an important role in lung homeostasis (Lalmanach et al. 2020). Recent in vitro studies show (Mort et al. 1997; Ismael et al. 2016) that these cathepsins are inactivated by strong oxidants, including hypochlorous acid, directly or through exposure to HOCl-modified LDL. It could be assumed that oxidative stress induced by inhalation of sodium hypochlorite would lead to a significant decrease in the activity of these enzymes. However, as can be seen from Table 7, no considerable changes in the catalytic activity of cathepsins in experimental animals compared to control have been observed on the 1st or on the 14th day after inhalation exposure. On the contrary, even a slight increase has been observed: cathepsin B by 4.6% on the 1st day, cathepsin L by 10.3% on the 14th day.
The effect of physico-chemical treatment in reducing Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on lettuce leaf surfaces
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Hye Ran Cho, Md. Ashrafudoulla, Junbin Cho, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Dong-Un Lee, Sang-Do Ha
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a chlorine-based disinfectant commonly used in the food industry to remove organic soils (i.e. cleaning) and control microbes (i.e. disinfection). The bactericidal activity of this compound is governed by microbial cell membrane diffusion. This chemical is commonly used because it meets many of the requirements for an ideal disinfectant (Rutala and Weber 1997). Combining chlorine-based disinfectant with physical treatments are promising approaches to enhance food safety. The synergistic reductions range of combined NaOCl (200 ppm) and ultrasound (60 min) were 0.1–0.5 and 0.1–1.1 log CFU g−1, respectively, for Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus in raw, edible seaweed (Park et al. 2014). In the case of raw squid, combination treatments of 80 ppm NaOCl with 2.0 kGy gamma irradiation and 1000 ppm NaOCl with 1000 ppm vitamin B1 provided synergistic reduction values of 2.92 and 1.35 log CFU g−1 for Aeromonas hydrophila, respectively (Park et al. 2012). It was also reported that the combination of NaOCl with low-dose gamma irradiation could be more effective than a high-dose of the individual treatment in reducing B. cereus in raw rice (Ha et al. 2012).
Prevention and treatment of burn wound infections: the role of topical antimicrobials
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Deepak K. Ozhathil, Steven E. Wolf
Comments: Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidative halide and is effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses and has been used as a disinfectant since 1895. The original Carrel-Dakins’ solution was introduced during World War I, and though it has fallen from favor due to cytotoxic effects, it remains effective against even the most resistant pathogens. Sodium hypochlorite does breaks down with exposure to environmental factors such as pH <8.0, light, heat and metal ions; all of which are present in most burn wounds. Dakins’ Solution™ contains a considerable amount of buffering agent to extend its shelf life. This allows a bottle of full-strength Dakins’ Solution™ to last for 12 months, compared to 48 hours for a comparable concentration of commercially available bleach.