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Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Plants
Published in Joseph P. Hou, The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
In 1965, more than 10 neutral ginseng saponins were isolated by the TLC technique, and they were designated as ginsenoside Rx (where x = a, b, c, d, e, f, g1, g2, g3, and h). Hydrolysis of ginsenosides Rb and Rc, panaxadiol, was obtained. Similarly, hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rg1, however, a new sapogenin, panaxatriol, was isolated. All physicochemical data indicate that panaxatriol is a homolog of panaxadiol and carries one more OH group than panaxadiol.35
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Panaxadiol and panaxatriol in ginseng and Chinese herbal medicine were analyzed by using open-capillary SFC, following liquid-liquid extraction, partition, and then adsorption column sample purification.60
Development of Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51T-mediated gold nanoparticles for delivery of ginsenoside compound K: in vitro photothermal effects and apoptosis detection in cancer cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Yeon-Ju Kim, Haribalan Perumalsamy, Josua Markus, Sri Renukadevi Balusamy, Chao Wang, Seong Ho Kang, Seungah Lee, Sang Yong Park, Sung Kim, Verónica Castro-Aceituno, Seung Hyun Kim, Deok Chun Yang
The pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), which has been regarded as one of the most acclaimed traditional Chinese herbal medicines for over 2000 years, can be largely accredited to its bioactive triterpenoid saponins [1]. These triterpenoid saponins, also known as ginsenosides, are further classified into three types: panaxadiol (PPD), panaxatriol (PPT) and oleanic acid [1]. The minor PPD-type ginsenosides, such as compound K (CK), often exhibit superior pharmacological effects, such as antitumour, antiaging, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, compared to the major glycosylated ginsenosides [1–5]. Certain limitations of ginsenoside CK exist that significantly restrict its medical applications, including the hydrophobicity of the aglycones, poor bioavailability and adverse cytotoxicity to normal cells [3]. The bioconjugation of ginsenosides to a specifically designed drug delivery system thus plays a significant role in remediating these limitations.
In vivo pharmacokinetics, distribution, and excretion of an anticancer agent isolated from red ginseng, in rat
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Qian Zheng, Ruili Wang, Nanqi Zhang, Cuizhu Wang, Pingya Li
24-OH-PD (purity 98.5%) was obtained from the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Jilin University (Changchun, China) (Zheng et al., 2016). The internal standard (IS) panaxatriol (PT) and the IS candidates protopanaxadiol and ocotillol were purchased from Prof. Xingyuan Ma, Basic Medical College, Jilin University (Changchun, China). The chemical structures of 24-OH-PD and PT are shown in Figure 1. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from Merck Co., Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (HPLC grade) was obtained from Shanghai ANPEL Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was prepared in-house by the Millipore water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, USA). All the other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.
Ginsenoside Rg2 alleviates myocardial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β1/Smad signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Quanwei Wang, Wenwen Fu, Xiaofeng Yu, Huali Xu, Dayun Sui, Yeling Wang
In China, TCM has been used in treating CVDs for thousands of years. A great deal of interest has focussed on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of the active ingredients of TCM (Fan et al. 2017). Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), a well-known TCM, is widely used for increasing vital energy and improving organ functions. Ginsenosides are the major active ingredients of ginseng. According to the structures of the extracted components of ginseng, ginsenosides are classified into three groups: the panaxadiol group including Rb1, Rb2, Rg3, and Rh2, the panaxatriol group including Re, Rh1, and Rg1, and oleanolic acid (Zhang et al. 2019). Recent work demonstrates that ginsenoside Rb1 can reduce the injury of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion and then improve the heart function by inhibiting the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes (Li et al. 2020). Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a protective effect against myocardial ischaemia-induced injury, which is associated with modulating energy metabolism and inhibiting myocardial apoptosis (Li et al. 2018b). Our previous studies indicate that ginsenoside Re treatment abrogates the myocardial fibrosis caused by myocardial ischaemia and then restores the heart function (Wang et al. 2019). Ginsenoside Rg2 is one of the cardinal components of ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg2 has a property of attenuating the neuronal damage induced by hypoxia in hippocampal neurons (Shuangyan et al. 2012). Ginsenoside Rg2 can also improve cerebral ischaemia-induced dementia through abating the apoptosis of neurons (Zhang et al. 2008). However, it is still not clear whether ginsenoside Rg2 has a protective effect against myocardial ischaemic injury. Therefore, this study investigates whether ginsenoside Rg2 could alleviate myocardial ischaemia-induced myocardial fibrosis and cardiac function impairment in rats.