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Panax quinquefolium (American Ginseng) and Physostigma venenosum (Calabar Bean)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sushweta Mahalanobish, Noyel Ghosh, Parames C. Sil
Most of the ginsenosides comprise a dammarane skeleton where 17 carbon atoms are arranged in four rings. Based on the number of hydroxyl groups, dammarane-type ginsenosides can be further classified into two subgroups: protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) (Feng et al., 2017). In PPD group, ginsenoside contains sugar moiety at C-3 and/or C-20 position. Here, linear linkages occur between glycosyl chains, and acylation takes place at the 6-OH of the terminal glucose of a three-sugar chain. This subgroup can be exemplified by ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, and Rh2. Whereas, PPT subgroup covers both ginsenosides such as Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, F1, F3, and also notoginsenosides like R1, R2 etc. Structurally, compounds of the PPT subgroup contain no more than two glycosyl chains and a linear linkage of saccharide chains (Yang et al., 2014). The presence of hydroxyl (-OH) group at C-6 position in PPTs distinguishes them from PPDs (Wang et al., 2005). Ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rd, Rg1, and Rb3 are the five major saponins that account for more than 70% of total ginsenosides in AG. The second class includes oleanolic acid as the aglycone moiety, and among its derivatives, ginsenoside Ro is notable (Huang et al., 2018).
Triterpenoids from Gymnema Sylvestre R.Br. (Periploca of the Woods): Biological Significance in the Treatment of Diabetes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The plant family includes 40 species, namely Gymnema yunnanense, Gymnema inodorum, Gymnema montanum, etc., and has demonstrated medicinal properties [41, 50, 74]. Phytochemical studies suggested that the oleanane-type triterpenoids are Gymnemasaponins and Gymnemic acids, while Gymnemasides represents example of dammarane type structure [15, 26]. In addition, some other phytoconstituents (such as flavones, anthraquinones, phytin, resins, β-amyrin glycosides, stigmasterol, etc.) have also been found in the plant. Among the plant parts, shoot tips comprise of highest percentage of Gymnemic acids (54.29 mg g−1 of dry weight) and least percentage is present in seed of the plant (1.31 mg g−1 of dry weight). The triterpenoid structure of Gymnemic acids plays a significant, functional role in its activity showing that ester group in genin portion of the molecule is important for its antisweet activity.
Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Plants
Published in Joseph P. Hou, The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
Ginsenosides belong to a family of steroids with a four trans-ring rigid steroid skeleton. Most ginsenosides share a unique triterpenoid saponin structure of the dammarane type. More than 100 ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves, stems, flower buds, and berries of Asian ginseng and American ginseng, and these ginsenosides exhibit considerable structural variation. Ginsenosides differ from one another by the type of sugar moieties, sugar number, and site of sugar attachment at positions C-3, C-6, or C-20. The structural isomerism and stereoisomerism, the number and site of attachment of hydroxyl groups, and available modified side chain at C-20 also increase their diversity.
The Evolving Roles of Bacopa monnieri as Potential Anti-Cancer Agent: A Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Sudeepa Ghosh, Rahmat Khanam, Avik Acharya Chowdhury
Another important constituent of the plant extract is Cucurbitacin, which is reported to be present in the ethanolic extract of dichloromethane (DCM) fractionation of the plant. This constituent showed cytotoxic effect when applied in combination with betulinic acid present in the very same ethanolic extract against two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (23). The ethanolic extract of B. monnieri contains other components like Brahmine, Betulinic acid which are found to occur in combination with cucurbitacins. Cucurbitacins are reported to be a strong anti-tumor and anti-proliferative agent which are capable of promoting cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and inhibiting uncontrolled multiplication of cells (23). Research work done by Rohini and Devi suggests that B. monnieri extract is capable of inducing cell death by activating apoptosis in murine sarcoma-180 cell line (24). Interestingly, derivatives of pseudojujubogenin as well as eight other novel compounds and two new dammarane glycosides are isolated from the extract which were tested and confirmed to have anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antimalarial and antileishmanial effects (25). A few among these compounds exhibited mild to moderate effectiveness against the non-cancerous kidney cell lines (26).
Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng roots in rats by UPLC-MS/MS for simultaneously quantifying seven saponins
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Jiajia Dong, Zhenzhen Yin, Lianlin Su, Mengting Yu, Meng Wang, Lin Li, Chunqin Mao, Tulin Lu
Numerous studies have shown that most of the pharmacological activities of P. notoginseng are believed to be associated with saponins derived mainly from the tetracyclic dammarane. These triterpene saponins are classified according to their structures as 20(S)-protopanaxadiol type (ppd-type) saponins, such as ginsenosides Ra3, Rb1 and Rd and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol type (ppt-type) saponins, such as ginsenosides Re and Rg1 and notoginsenoside R1. The change of chemical composition of P. notoginseng will occur during the steaming process. After steaming process, some saponins were decreased (ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Rd and Re), some saponins were increased, and a large number of new effective compounds generated, such as ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rk3, Rh4, F4 and Rh1, which are unique saponins that only existed in SPN but not in RPN (Sun et al. 2010; Toh et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2015). Although many reports about bioactivity analysis and chemical content quantification regarding P. notoginseng have been published in recent years, little effort has been made to investigate comparative pharmacokinetics between raw and steam-processed P. notoginseng (Liu et al. 2009; Jiang et al. 2015; Xing et al. 2015; Zhou et al. 2015; Dai et al. 2016; Xiong et al. 2017; Zhu et al. 2018).
In vivo pharmacokinetics, distribution, and excretion of an anticancer agent isolated from red ginseng, in rat
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Qian Zheng, Ruili Wang, Nanqi Zhang, Cuizhu Wang, Pingya Li
Panax ginseng CA Mey. belongs to the family Araliaceae and its dried root has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries for over 2000 years (Baek et al., 2017). There are two kinds of ginseng preparations: air-dried white ginseng, and steamed red ginseng. The anticancer activity of red ginseng is significantly increased, due to the production of active anticancer ginsenosides during the steaming process, compared with that of white ginseng (So et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2016). Natural products are of increasing interest and importance to cancer patients; furthermore are believed to have good anti-cancer activity. The ginsenosides are the major active chemical components of ginseng and mainly consist of dammarane-type saponin derivatives (Chen et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2009).