China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Another anabolic androgen is oxymetholone, which is used to treat anemia. Oxymetholone possesses significant androgenic action, and is expected to cause virilization of the external genitalia of female fetuses.
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
In another 2014 study involving 16 younger patients with classic DC (median age; 11 years), the impact of androgen therapy with oxymetholone was less pronounced. While 69% showed a hematological response, none had changes in the expected, age related telomere decline [34,35].
Management of Myelofibrosis
Published in Richard T. Silver, Ayalew Tefferi, Myeloproliferative Disorders, 2007
Cervantes Francisco, Giovanni Barosi
Once treatable causes of the anemia of myelofibrosis are excluded, such as iron or vitamin B12 deficiency or autoimmune hemolysis, androgens are a therapeutic option. The efficacy of testosterone in the anemia of myelofibrosis was first shown in the early 1960s (19,20) and its main mechanism of action seems to be the stimulation of the bone marrow function (21). According to the published studies, nandrolone, fluoxymesterolone, methandrostenolone, and oxymetholone improve the anemia in 30–60% of patients (22–24), with an abnormal karyotype and severely compromised hemopoiesis being the factors associated with a low chance of achieving a favorable response to treatment (23). Side effects include fluid retention, hirsutism, virilization, abnormal liver function tests, and, more rarely, liver and prostate tumors. Similar results, but with less toxicity, can be obtained using danazol, a semisynthetic attenuated androgen that can also correct the thrombocytopenia. A sufficient dose of the drug (from 600 to 800 mg daily, depending on patient’s weight) must be administered and should be maintained for a minimum of 6 months, unless toxicity develops, since a substantial proportion of responses are seen between 3 and 6 months of treatment institution (25). Once a response has been obtained, the dose must be progressively reduced to the minimum necessary dose to maintain the response, usually 200 mg/day. Liver function must be monitored and periodic ultrasound imaging surveillance performed in order to detect the possible appearance of liver tumors, whereas systematic screening for prostate cancer must be carried out in men.
The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Koichi Nakazato
The major AAS used by athletes can be divided into three groups [30]: Testosterone derivatives (T, Methyltestosterone, Methandrostenolone, Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Boldenone): The compounds in this group are known to induce fast strength and muscle gains but show a high rate of aromatization. Due to the high water retention caused by aromatization, they are mainly used in bulking cycles for quick mass gains.Dihydrotestosterone derivatives (Stanozolol, Oxandrolone, Oxymetholone, Mesterolone, Methenolone, Drostanolone): Even though most of these compounds are highly androgenic, they have a high binding affinity to the androgen receptor and are potent strength and muscle mass builders. Due to the DHT structure, these compounds cannot aromatize to estrogen. Therefore, these compounds are often used for cutting cycles and pre-contest.Nandrolone derivatives (Nandrolone, Trenbolone): Compounds in this group show the highest anabolic to androgenic ratio and have strong muscle building effects. However, administration of nandrolone derivatives can result in elevated progestogenic activity. The use of this group of AAS is versatile and is used for both bulking and cutting cycles.
The biology and management of dyskeratosis congenita and related disorders of telomeres
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Hemanth Tummala, Amanda Walne, Inderjeet Dokal
In patients who have significant peripheral cytopenias (Hb <80 g/L, neutrophils <0.5 × 109/L, platelets <20 × 109/L), the first-line medical therapy in many countries is frequently with oxymetholone. Tri-lineage hematological improvements can be observed in many patients with oxymetholone. While its precise mechanism of action is still not understood, it is thought to function by promoting the growth of hematopoietic progenitors indirectly. There is also some data to suggest that it may increase telomerase activity by action on the TERT gene [66]. In some cases, the hematopoietic improvement with oxymetholone can last years. Patients with DC can respond to a dose as low as 0.25 mg/kg body weight/day and this can be increased, if necessary to 2–5 mg/kg body weight/day. It is important to monitor for side effects (e.g. liver toxicity, hypertension). More recently, it has been recognized that danazol can also produce tri-lineage hematological responses in approximately 70% of DC and related diseases [67,68]. As danazol is less virilizing and generally has a better toxicity profile, it is now used in preference to oxymetholone. Patients can respond to relatively low doses of danazol (e.g. 1 mg/kg/day) but some patients may need a higher dose (e.g. 5–10 mg/kg/day). It is therefore reasonable to start at a low dose and gradually work up to a higher dose, if necessary. It can take 4–8 weeks after the start of danazol before a clear improvement is seen in the peripheral blood counts. Patients who have no response to danazol/oxymetholone and who do not have significant comorbidities are good candidates for HSCT.
Royal jelly arranges apoptotic and oxidative stress pathways and reduces damage to liver tissues of rats by down-regulation of Bcl-2, GSK3 and NF-κB and up-regulation of caspase and Nrf-2 protein signalling pathways
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Abdullah Aslan, Ozlem Gok, Seda Beyaz, Gozde Parlak, Muhammed Ismail Can, Ramazan Gundogdu, Serpil Baspinar, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Akif Evren Parlak
Karadeniz et al. (2011) stated that there was a significant increase in MDA levels in the liver tissues of the animals treated with cisplatin compared to the control group. However, they stated that the liver tissues of rats treated with cisplatin had significantly decreased GSH, Superoxide dismutases (SOD), GSH-Px and GST levels compared to the control groups. They found that the addition of royal jelly attenuated the reductions induced by cisplatin and royal jelly treatment alone caused a significant increase in GSH levels Nejati et al. (2016) investigated the protective effects of royal jelly on oxidative liver injuries induced by oxymetholone (OXM). They stated that catalase enzyme activity was decreased significantly and MDA levels were increased in the OXM group compared to the control group. They claimed that royal jelly increased the enzymatic activity of catalase whereas decreased the MDA levels in rats with oxidative liver injuries induced by OXM. Kanbur et al. (2009) evaluated whether royal jelly could prevent the negative effects of high doses of fluoride in mice. They concluded that royal jelly application reduced MDA levels, rised SOD and GSH-Px activities. Gok et al. (2021b) stated that EA reduced oxidative damage and increased protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture. Almeer et al. (2019) stated that cadmium chloride lowered GSH and CAT levels, which were significantly increased and the MDA levels were decreased upon royal jelly treatment. The study represented here supports the findings of previous reports showing that oral administration of royal jelly improves the oxidative stress state against fluoride-induced hepatoxicity and lipid peroxidation in rats. Beyaz et al. (2021a) stated that while GSH levels increased in Curcumin groups compared to H2O2 group, MDA levels decreased. She obtained similar results in another study (Beyaz et al. 2021b).