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Preparation of Samples for Liquid Scintillation and Gamma Counting
Published in Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti, Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
Since color quenching is not a problem, any tissue solubilizing process may be used. Heated sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide, solubilizers used in liquid scintillation counting, and others have all been used in the preparation of biologic samples for gamma counting. For reasons of economics, the less expensive solubilizers are most frequently used. Konikowski and associates47, 48 have successfully used nitric acid as a tissue solubilizing agent for many pharmacologic samples. This agent works well with many tissue samples including blood, brain, tumor, kidney, liver, heart, muscle, adrenal gland, and others. Care must be taken with radionuclides such as iodine that may be oxidized to volatile products. With these, no heat is applied and the specimens are kept tightly sealed in small screw cap counting vials during the solubilizing and counting procedures.
Tissue Preparation for Liquid Scintillation and Gamma Counting — the Counting Processes
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Principles of Radiopharmacology, 2019
Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti
Since color quenching is not a problem, any tissue solubilizing process may be used. Heated sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide, solubilizers used in liquid scintillation counting, and others have all been used in the preparation of biological samples for gamma counting. For reasons of economics, the less expensive solubilizers are most frequently used. Konikowski et al.40,41 have successfully used nitric acid as a tissue solubilizing agent for many pharmacological samples. This agent works well with many tissue samples including blood, brain, tumor, kidney, liver, heart, muscle, adrenal, and others. Care must be taken with radionuclides such as iodine which may be oxidized to volatile products. With these, no heat is applied and the specimen containers are kept tightly sealed in small screw cap counting vials during the solubilizing and counting procedures.
Renal Effects
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Half a year later, Piscator193 examined urine samples from 14 workers in the same group. Essentially, the same protein excretion values were obtained, indicating that this proteinuria was constant. In additional follow-ups it was found that in 18 workers reexamined in 1963195 and in 26 workers reexamined in 1969,198 from the above-mentioned group of 40 workers, the protein excretion in most cases remained at a high level 3 and 10 years after the first quantitative determinations in 1959. Most of these workers had been removed from cadmium exposure or had experienced a dramatic decrease in the exposure level.122 As Friberg had not used a quantitative method for the determination of protein, a similar comparison could not be made with his original results. However, a comparison was made between the results of nitric acid and trichloracetic acid tests from the two investigations. No marked changes had occurred in the group.193
Concentrations and human health implications of toxic elements in drinking water of Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Sima Zamand, Hossein Alidadi, Maryam Sarkhosh, Aliakbar Dehghan, Hamid Heidarian, Maryam Paydar, Vahid Taghavimanesh
To determine the values of metals in all 4 water distributer tanks, water samples were collected non-randomly from tap water of houses and shops across the city in such a way to have samples of water corresponding to all tanks in the distribution system. Geographic positions of samples were mapped using ArcGIS software and are shown in Figure 1. Drinking water samples were collected in the summer of 2016 in the polyethylene containers each with a capacity of 500 ml that write on sampling containers such as the code of the sample, the sampling date, the sampling site name, etc. All samples were cooled in ice soon after collection and then transported to the laboratory packed in ice. Nitric acid used was contained degree of purity 67%. Before collecting samples, assigned bottles were washed in a solution 10% HNO3 of Merck products for 24 h and double distilled water. Amlording to the guide of standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22ed) to preserve samples, a determined amount of HNO3 (1.5 ml acid.1000 ml sample) was added to each bottle before transporting samples to the laboratory. Samples also were stored at
Impaired copper transport in schizophrenia results in a copper-deficient brain state: A new side to the dysbindin story
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Kirsten E. Schoonover, Stacy L. Queern, Suzanne E. Lapi, Rosalinda C. Roberts
Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration of copper in brain tissue samples. Analysis of all samples was completed on an Agilent ICP-MS 7700 (Santa Clara, CA). All chemicals used in the ICP-MS analysis were trace metal grade. The tissue samples were digested in concentrated nitric acid over a 5-day period. Three 50-μL aliquots of each sample were diluted to 2.5 mL of Milli-Q 18 MΩ water to provide a 2% nitric acid matrix. All rinse solvents, internal standards and calibration sources for tissue sample measurements were completed using 2% nitric acid matrix to maintain consistency in the measurements. Data analysis was completed using Agilent Masshunter software. The raw data were corrected for the dilution to determine the overall copper concentration in parts per billion (ppb) of all samples. For solid samples the overall mass of the copper was found by converting ppb to μg/ml and multiplying by the volume of nitric acid in the digestion vessel. The mass of the copper was then divided by the mass of the tissue to provide μg of copper per mg of tissue.
Bronchiolitis obliterans murine model induced by nitric acid aerosol inhalation: An economical and reproducible model
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
Jianing Yin, Xiaobo Ma, Fei Huang, Yucong Ma, Yanan Li
Several transplant animal models have previously been developed, including the orthotopic lung,8,9 and tracheal 10 transplantation in large animals and heterotopic transplantation of a trachea in variable sites (such as subcutaneous pocket,11,12 intraomental.13 and intrapulmonary 14) Transplant models allow the transplant immune pathogenesis of BO to be studied, but may not capture critical mechanisms involved in BO caused by other conditions. Numerous non-transplantation BO models have already been established, by, for example, inoculating beagle puppies with adenovirus.15 intratracheal administration of nitric acid (NA) to rabbits, hamsters and rats,16–18 intratracheal administration of papaverine to rats.19 and exposure of mice to high doses chlorine gas.20 However, while inoculating animals with adenovirus efficiently mimics the natural process of post infectious BO, its relatively high cost and the sporadically distributed pathological changes limit its application.15 In contrast, delivering papaverine intratracheally via an implanted osmotic pump causes high morbidity.19 yet the complexity of this procedure limits its application. Similarly, the difficulty of accurate administration of Cl2 or SO2 restricts the application of these kinds of BO models.20–22 Thus, establishing an appropriate non-transplant BO model which is economic, reproducible and easily operating can be very useful.