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Avoiding Risky Substances and Environmental Exposures
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Natasha DeJarnett, Neha Pathak
The Health Effects Institute estimated that air pollution was responsible for 476,000 deaths of newborns during their first month of life.8 Results from the Children’s Health Study identified that children aged 10–18 years that resided in areas with the highest PM levels in the cohort were approximately five times more likely to have low forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), indicating adverse adolescent lung development.9 Children exposed to high levels of PM are more likely to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as adults.10 Children exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have demonstrated increased lower respiratory symptoms (shortness of breath with wheezing, chronic wheezing, chronic coughing, chronic phlegm, or bronchitis), with a stronger association being demonstrated in girls.11 Asthma onset12, asthma exacerbations,13 and virus-induced asthma exacerbations14 are additional outcomes children face with NO2 exposure. Children living in inner city environments also demonstrated decreased lung function with increased 5-day average concentrations of NO2, sulfur dioxide, and PM2.5.15 In addition, NO2’s respiratory threats to children are also significantly associated with school absences.15,16
Critical care, neurology and analgesia
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Use of doses higher than 20 ppm in the rich oxygen environment, usually required to alleviate hypoxaemia, was shown to be associated with increased levels of potentially toxic nitrogen dioxide (N02) > 0.5–2 ppm [22,37]. Furthermore, it favours the formation of methaemoglobinemia, which is harmful when >5%. Finally, it may favour life-threatening rebound of pulmonary hypertension and hypoxaemia, whenever there is a sudden NO withdrawal due, for example, to ventilator disconnection for tracheal aspiration [38]. Thus, it is recommended to progressively wean inhaled NO by using a highly reliable delivery system with back-up manual ventilation [39]. Pulsed delivery of inhaled NO during spontaneous ventilation, using nasal cannula, has been reported both in adults [40] and children [41], using delivery systems that have yet to be approved. New delivery systems are currently being tested for use with continuous positive airway pressure systems.
Integrative Allergy and Asthma for Traditional Practice
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
William S Silvers, Heidi Bailey
Prolonged exposure to outdoor air pollution should be avoided. There is evidence that increases in particulates, nitrogen dioxide and ozone levels are related to increases in the incidence of asthma and asthma exacerbations (Bontinck et al. 2020). Minimizing cardiovascular activities on days of increased pollution and wearing a particulate filtering mask may also be helpful (German and Harper 2002, Laumbach 2010).
The rising of allergic respiratory diseases in a changing world: from climate change to migration
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Benedetta Biagioni, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Gennaro D’Amato, Lorenzo Cecchi
The evidence that air pollution can cause exacerbations of preexisting asthma is supported by studies and data accumulating for several decades. Nitrogen dioxide, ozone and particulate matter, have been significantly associated with increased asthma exacerbations and higher asthma medication intake [31]. Particulate Matter (PM) is a ubiquitous atmospheric aerosol with both anthropogenic and natural sources that can be classified on the basis of its aerodynamic diameter in PM10 or PM2.5, the latter being also called fine particles. PM2.5 can easily penetrate deeply into bronchial tree, affecting distal airways. Nitrogen oxides gases, such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are mainly produced from the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen during combustion fuels and are a significant source of air pollution in areas of high motor vehicle traffic.
Short-term effects of ambient (outdoor) air pollution on cardiovascular death in Tehran, Iran – a time series study
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Azizallah Dehghan, Narges Khanjani, Abbas Bahrampour, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Masoud Yunesian
Another pollutant that showed a significant relation with cardiovascular deaths in this study was Nitrogen dioxide. NO2 was associated with all cardiovascular deaths, and with each 10 ppb increase in NO2, total cardiovascular deaths increased (0.88%, 95% CI: 0.3–0.99%) in lag 3 in the one pollutant; and (0.57%, 95% CI: 0.23–0.92%) in lag 1, in two pollutant models. In this study, NO2 showed relations with cardiovascular death in men, women and elder age groups, as well. Ghorbani et al. study’s in Mashhad, Iran, also showed that by 1 ppb increase in NO2, all cardiovascular deaths increased by 1% (95% CI:0.6 to 1.4) (Ghorbani et al.2017). In one study in 8 Chinese cities, each 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2, related to 1.3% (95%CI: 0.45–2.14) increase in coronary heart disease mortality after 2 days lag (Li et al.2015). In a study from Shiraz NO (RR = 1.00229, 95% CI: 1.00031–1.00426) and NOx (RR = 1.00187, 95% CI: 1.00016–1.003) were related to cardiovascular disease mortality, but NO2 had no relation with cardiovascular deaths (RR = 1.00429, 95% CI: 0.99637–1.01228) (Dadbakhsh et al.2016).
Bronchiolitis obliterans murine model induced by nitric acid aerosol inhalation: An economical and reproducible model
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
Jianing Yin, Xiaobo Ma, Fei Huang, Yucong Ma, Yanan Li
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure has previously been reported to induce BO.33 which was described as “Silo filler's disease”,34,35 In our study, besides the direct airway injury from NA, NO2 as an evaporated haze form of NA could also be a causal agent of BO. 0.9% normal saline was frequently applied as a control in previous studies,18,19,36 However, Garippo et al previously reported that administration of normal saline could promote inflammatory infiltrattion and luminal wall thickening in mice.36 Hence, we nebulized distilled water instead of normal saline as a control and found no other pathologic changes except for some mild inflammatory reaction in the acute stage.