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Recent Advances in the Utilization of Bioengineered Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Muhammad Akram, Kadiri Oseni, Olerimi Samson E, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Wilson Nwankwo, Hina Anwar, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Akinola Samson Olayinka
Due to pill burden and frequency of drug toxicities, supervised therapy is most desirable. In a situation where malabsorption is suspected, therapeutic drug monitoring should be given consideration. For the optimization of a successful outcome, nutritional, socio-economic and psychosocial supports are of importance. Patient needs to be treated with some sense of dignity and compassion. The major goal is to have a system which is patient-centred, where the needs of every patient are paramount. This will result in substantial benefits to tuberculosis patients globally. For HIV patients with tuberculosis ailments, there should be urgent treatment with multidrug resistance when resistance to rifampicin is confirmed (WHO, 2014). There should be initiation of antiretroviral therapy as soon as there is tolerance to tuberculosis treatment and within eight weeks, irrespective of baseline counts of CD4 with mortality rate as high as 91–100% in situation where there is absence of antiretroviral therapy (Havlir et al., 2011). Nonetheless, HIV patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are susceptible to advanced tuberculosis disease. Drug toxicities are quite challenging (WHO, 2014).
Different faces of governance
Published in Kevin Dew, Public Health, Personal Health and Pills, 2018
Tanja Mueller and Per-Olof Östergren describe different patterns of antibiotic consumption in the European Union. The case of antibiotic consumption is insightful, given concerns about over prescribing and inappropriate antibiotic use. Whereas pharmaceuticals were once seen as capable of bringing about the demise of infectious diseases, there are now increasing concerns about resistance to antibiotics and apocalyptic predictions of cleverly mutating microbes signalling a new post-antibiotic era (Brown and Crawford 2009). Particular concerns have been raised over multidrug resistant tuberculosis, which has become a public health concern in many countries. Where resistance occurs, longer periods of treatment may be required, or more toxic and less powerful medications may have to be used (Mueller and Östergren 2016). So we have both the occurrence of increased costs and a higher likelihood of adverse reactions and ineffective treatment. The particular societal influences on pharmaceutical consumption are illuminatingly illustrated in the case of antibiotics.
Rifampicin (Rifampin)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
C. Alan, C. Street, Tony M. Korman
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis with resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most powerful first-line drugs. XDR-TB is defined as tuberculosis with resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, as well as further resistance to a fluoroquinolone and a second-line injectable agent (amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis, often associated with HIV infection, emerged in the 1990s. Resistance to rifampicin and other drugs developed not only in the strain that caused the initial disease, but also as a result of reinfection with a new strain of M. tuberculosis which was drug resistant (Godfrey-Faussett et al., 1993; Small et al., 1993; Bloch et al., 1994).
Linezolid-related adverse effects in the treatment of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Dan Cui, Xiaomeng Hu, Li Shi, Dongchang Wang, Gang Chen
LZD, as an effective anti-tuberculosis drug, requires long-term use by patients in the clinical settings. As its treatment time increases, various adverse effects may be observed. A retrospective analysis completed by Cox et al. showed that the success rate of LZD in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis reached 67.99%, however the incidence of adverse effects was 61.48% [26]. Huang et al. showed that the incidence of adverse effects in the blood system, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using LZD was 32%. 25%, and 6%, respectively [27]. On the contrary, Koh et al. suggested that reducing the daily dose of LZD to 300 mg would not affect the effect of its anti-tuberculosis treatment, and can significantly reduce the incidence of bone marrow suppression and neurological adverse effects [28]. Similarly, Rao et al reported that the adverse effects of LZD, including thrombocytopenia and neuropathy, were less prevalent with lower exposures and shorter treatment durations [29]. Up to now, there is still no consensus regarding the adverse effects caused by LZD treatment.
An expert opinion on respiratory delivery of high dose powders for lung infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Bishal Raj Adhikari, Jack Dummer, Keith C. Gordon, Shyamal C. Das
The application of high dose powder is an area of continued interest. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem worldwide, as recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [131]. High dose dry powder delivery has been developed as a realistic strategy to deliver drugs, particularly for local action in lung infections. In the case of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), the number of antimicrobials available to treat the tuberculosis pathogen has dropped [132,133]. In recent decades, this crisis has further escalated as only a limited number of new molecules have been approved. Since the 1960s, bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid are the only novel drugs that were approved for the treatment of MDR-TB, while fluoroquinolones have been repurposed for TB treatment [134–137]. This small pool of antibiotics available for TB treatment has been further depleted since 2020, when the WHO recommended against the use of kanamycin and capreomycin for the treatment of MDR-TB due to their associated side-effects of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity [133].
Systematic review and meta-analytic findings on the association between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Melodi Omraninava, Sahar Mehranfar, Arezou Khosrojerdi, Sirous Jamalzehi, Jafar Karami, Morteza Motallebnezhad, Mohammad Reza Javan, Saeed Aslani, Hamed Mohammadi, Ahmad Kousha
For the past 25 years, tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, has been one of the global public health emergencies. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, about 10 million new cases of TB occur in 2019 [1]. About 87% (8.7 million) of these individuals are from the WHO 30 high-burden countries [2,3]. Today, prevention of TB occurs in several ways, such as screening of persons at high risk, early detection and treatment of infected individuals, and vaccination with bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine of newborns [4,5]. One of the big challenges for the treatment of TB is the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e. MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e. XDR-TB). Moreover, strains resistant to the majority of drugs available have been seen globally [6,7]. Co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk for pulmonary TB (PTB) and extra-pulmonary TB [8,9].