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Phytomedicines Targeting Antibiotic Resistance through Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation Associated with Acne Vulgaris
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Isa A. Lambrechts, Namrita Lall
Antibiotic resistance can be defined as when the minimum inhibitory concentration against the targeted bacteria is higher than the concentration of the active that is available in vivo. Therefore, antibiotic resistance is when antibiotics cannot inhibit the microorganisms they previously were able to inhibit. The antibiotic resistance observed in biofilms could be due to two mechanisms of action: a reduction in the diffusion of antibiotics through the biofilm and a reduction in bacterial metabolism of the bacteria within the biofilm (Brandwein, Steinberg, and Meshner, 2016). Quorum sensing regulates genes involved in biofilm formation and dispersion; hence, biofilm formation and quorum sensing are linked.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Penicillinase, an enzyme produced by several Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, hydrolyses the beta-lactam ring of penicillin, resulting in penicillin resistant organisms. Development of resistance prompts a continuing need for new and chemically modified antibiotics to circumvent the problem of development of antibiotic resistant organisms.
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides the side effects of drugs, antibiotic resistance is now a problem for the treatment of many infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic due to the overuse of this antibiotic previously. In many countries, especially in developing countries, antibiotics are unregulated and available over the counter without a prescription. This lack of control promotes the overuse of antibiotics. The overuse of antibiotics clearly drives the evolution of resistant bacteria. Incorrectly prescribed antibiotics also contribute to the promotion of antibiotic resistance (3, 152). Moreover, antibiotics are widely used as growth supplements in livestock. The antibiotics used in livestock are ingested by humans when they consume food, thereby, causing passive antibiotic resistance in humans. Antibiotic-resistant infections can be grave health problems that need to be resolved rapidly.
Riboswitches as therapeutic targets: promise of a new era of antibiotics
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Emily Ellinger, Adrien Chauvier, Rosa A. Romero, Yichen Liu, Sujay Ray, Nils G. Walter
Over the past century, the vast improvement of healthcare and related sectors is partly attributed to the development of antibiotics, which contributed to an increase in the global life expectancy from 32 to 72.6 years from 1900 until the present day [1]. Unfortunately, the rise of bacterial drug resistance is now posing a serious public health threat to this achievement of modern science. Antibiotic resistance is a naturally occurring, evolutionary process in which over time bacteria adapt to and withstand the effects of antibiotics. This evolution has been accelerated by the misuse of antibiotics through over-prescription, patient noncompliance with prescription guidelines, and the use of clinical antibiotics in animal agriculture [2]. The resulting rapid growth of antibiotic resistance has led to the spread of ‘superbugs’ such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile (C. difficile). In 2019 alone, an estimated 1.27 million deaths were attributed to antimicrobial resistance with over 100,000 of those resulting directly from MRSA [3]. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified antibiotic resistance as one of the major threats to global health and food security [4], and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) list many pathogens as ‘urgent’ or ‘serious’ threats [5]. Reminded of the devastating effects of a global pandemic, so recently caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, now renders taking action against the expected bacterial ‘shadow pandemic’ even more urgent [6].
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
T. M. Cantero, P. I. Silva Junior, G. Negri, R. M. Nascimento, R. Z. Mendonça
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change its response to antibiotics. Microbial resistance is a growing threat to the effective treatment of an increasing range of infections, caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Since the early 2000s, research for new antibacterial drug, become a long and slow process, characterized by longer development times and lower success rates for investigational drugs (Dheman et al. 2020, Ndagi et al. 2020). Generally, there are not observed differences in antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis from distinct geographic origins, including Brazilian samples from A. mellifera and stingless bees (Sanches et al. 2017). The ability of propolis to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, is attributed to its bactericidal and fungicidal functions essential to preserving life in the hive. Ethanolic extract of Spanish propolis containing high amounts of polyphenols exhibited antimicrobial properties (Fernández-Calderón et al. 2020).
Combined exposure to non-antibiotic pharmaceutics and antibiotics in the gut synergistically promote the development of multi-drug-resistance in Escherichia coli
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Danyang Shi, Han Hao, Zilin Wei, Dong Yang, Jing Yin, Haibei Li, Zhengshan Chen, Zhongwei Yang, Tianjiao Chen, Shuqing Zhou, Haiyan Wu, Junwen Li, Min Jin
The overuse or misuse of antibiotics was thought to be the main driver inducing the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.1 However, with the findings that antidepressant fluoxetine can promote the resistance of E. coli to multiple antibiotics,33 ranking potential risk factors that may enable the development of antibiotic resistance in the gut microbiota, which is becoming a worldwide concern, is urgently required. In this study we describe that the combined exposure to duloxetine and chloramphenicol synergistically promote the development of multi-antibiotic resistance in E. coli. In a sense, this suggests that the combined exposure to antibiotics and non-antibiotic pharmaceutics in the gut may synergistically accelerate the evolution of ARB, resulting in the exacerbation of the antibiotic resistance crisis in humans.