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Tuberculosis (TB)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It is characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in tissues, especially the lungs. Worldwide, TB is the second most common cause of death from infection, after HIV/ AIDS. The emergence of resistant strains of tuberculosis and an increase in immuno-suppressed patients are significant clinical concerns. The inability to control this infection stems from the fact that the vaccines and drugs that were once effective against TB are no longer as efficacious. This has led to a search for new antituberculous agents and adjuvant therapy.1
Recent Advances in the Utilization of Bioengineered Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Muhammad Akram, Kadiri Oseni, Olerimi Samson E, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Wilson Nwankwo, Hina Anwar, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Akinola Samson Olayinka
Kerry et al. (2018) did a review of the treatment of tuberculosis utilizing nanotechnology. The authors recounted the health impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They stated the mode of action of the bacterium: it attacks the host macrophage and distorts the immune system, thus preventing the creation of phagolysome, lysosome transport protein and blocking the receptor-dependent TNF apoptosis of the host monocytes. They also recounted the utilization of conventional drugs and their low biodistribution and bioavailability in the management of high infection as well as in the prevention of human mortality. More highlights on the utilization of phytochemicals extracts with nanotechnology such as terpenoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, phenols and alkaloids sourced from aquatic plants (mangroves) and terrestrial plants in the management of TB were reported via various mechanisms of molecular evaluations. The understanding of proteomics and genomics of the pathogenic microorganism can aid in overcoming many gaps of research in developing an appropriate treatment for TB.
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
5.28. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)does not cross the placenta.is the main immunoglobulin of external secretions.is secreted by macrophages.is the predominant serum immunoglobulin.provides immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The future clinical implications of trained immunity
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Valentin Nica, Radu A. Popp, Tania O. Crișan, Leo A. B. Joosten
In the context of TI, the most extensively studied inducers are the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and β-glucan, isolated from Candida albicans. The BCG vaccine was extremely useful in TI research due to its widespread use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, which resulted in significant amounts of clinical data and more opportunity for research in humans. Even though BCG presents a multitude of PAMPs, the TI phenotype was shown to be induced by the NOD2 receptor [7], which binds to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The BCG-trained cells show increased aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutaminolysis, changes induced through the Akt/mTOR/HIF1α pathway [8]. Associated epigenetic marks are represented by increased trimethylation of at the fourth lysine of the H3 histone (H3K4me3) and decreased H3K9me3 at the promoters of mTOR, HK2, PFKP, and GLS, with a synergistic effect of increased transcription for said genes, plus an increased H3K4me3 at TNFA and IL6 promoters and H3K27ac in multiple genes in AKT, EGFR, FGF, and VEGF pathways [9].
Gaps in the tuberculosis preventive therapy care cascade in children in contact with TB
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
E. Van Ginderdeuren, J. Bassett, C. F. Hanrahan, L. Mutunga, A. Van Rie
New adult TB cases (defined as any person ≥15 years registered as a new TB case during the study period) in close household contact with children aged <5 years or aged <15 years living with HIV were identified through the clinic TB register. Data on TB screening of child contacts and TPT initiation in TPT-eligible children were collected using clinic registers. For child TB contacts, medical files and electronic laboratory records were reviewed to document the child’s age, sex and HIV status (and, if living with HIV, ART status and viral load), and the presence of contra-indications for isoniazid (current TB treatment, active liver disease, peripheral neuropathy, history of adverse reactions to isoniazid, history of treatment for multidrug-resistant TB) [5]. For screened children, the presence of symptoms suggesting active TB (cough, fever >2 weeks, poor weight gain, fatigue) and the results of Xpert MTB/RIF, Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, chest radiograph and tuberculin skin test (TST) were extracted from the medical files [5,11]. For children commenced on TPT, the TPT start and stop date, adherence to TPT, reason for not completing TPT (if relevant), occurrence of any side-effects (symptomatic hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, rash, psychosis, seizures, other) and incident diagnosis of active TB were extracted from the medical files [5]. In addition, age, sex, HIV status and date of TB diagnosis of the index adult TB case were collected from the TB register.
COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines and challenges, protection via BCG trained immunity, and clinical trials
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Wenping Gong, Ashok Aspatwar, Shuyong Wang, Seppo Parkkila, Xueqiong Wu
The concept of TI, which was developed in recent decades, describes the nonspecific and long-term immune memory acquired by innate immune cells after encountering a primary stimulus (pathogen or vaccination), which could mount a heightened inflammatory response, including upregulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or enhanced myelopoiesis to a second infection with the same pathogens or different ones [35]. A variety of stimuli, including β-glucan (a fungal cell wall component), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and BCG, can trigger TI, the most studied of which is the BCG vaccine. Several epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials have reported that BCG vaccination can protect against pathogens unrelated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis [36,37]. More importantly, controlled experimental studies in humans have provided direct evidence for the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against clinically relevant pathogens, such as those causing yellow fever and malaria [37–39]. Thus, it has been hypothesized that these BCG-induced nonspecific beneficial effects are partly mediated by TI induction.