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Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Bacterial infections can manifest in several ways. Secondary bacterial bronchitis and sinusitis can follow a viral respiratory tract infection. Chronic mucosal infection (chronic bacterial bronchitis) can result in mucus hypersecretion and episodes of recurrent infective bronchitis. Pneumonia is a reported complication of inhaled corticosteroid use, and people with severe asthma are at increased risk of bacteraemia pneumococcal pneumonia.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Many diseases of the oral cavity are caused by bacteria, especially bacteria that are indigenous to the mouth. These infections are among the most common bacterial infections of man. As the organisms causing them are not highly pathogenic, host factors play a role in whether disease develops following infection.
Chest
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
It has been identified in three types, called A, B and C, but only A and B are clinically important. They exist in numerous subtypes due to variations in haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins. The three subtypes that commonly affect humans are H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2. Seasonal variation in virus strains also occurs. ‘Antigenic drift' causes a minor change that results in annual epidemics because the virus is able to avoid memory T cells and circulating antibodies. ‘Antigenic shift' occurs following a major change of the virus (i.e. recombination of RNA), which can lead to pandemics. The virus rarely spreads beyond the respiratory tract. Bacterial infection typically occurs at five to seven days following initial symptoms. Viral culture takes three to five days. More rapid serological tests have been developed for diagnosis. Barrier nursing can reduce the spread of infection around hospitals or care homes.
Development over time in point-of-care test use in Danish daytime and out-of-hours general practice: a register-based study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2023
Niels Kjær, Malene Plejdrup Hansen, Henrik Schou Pedersen, Morten Bondo Christensen, Linda Huibers
Infections are a common cause of serious illness worldwide [1,2]. A substantial part of contacts with general practice concerns symptoms related to infections, in particular outside office hours [3–5]. In case of a bacterial infection, antibiotic treatment can be indicated. Antibiotic prescribing patterns vary significantly [6–9], and excessive use contributes to the increasing problems with antimicrobial resistance [10]. The last decades, several point-of-care tests (POCTs), such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and Rapid streptococcal detection test (RADT), have been introduced to perform on site testing in case of suspected infections. CRP and RADT POCTs aim to support general practitioners (GPs) to identify patients who will benefit from antibiotic treatment [11,12], thereby reducing diagnostic uncertainty and contributing to prudent use of antibiotics [9,11,13–15]. A recent study found that patient age, sociodemographic factors, and comorbidity influence the decision to perform a CRP test in Danish general practice [16].
Radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of infectious diseases: a comprehensive update
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Jorge Luis Costa Carvalho, Ekaterina Dadachova
The RIT of bacterial infections results are summarized in Table 2. Bacterial infections are very easily spread through various means: air, unclean food, unclean bodies of water, bodily fluids and/or physical connection from individual to individual [22]. Twenty years ago, the world saw Bacillus anthracis spores being used as a bioterrorist weapon. Such spores are found in nature, can be made in a laboratory and can survive in harsh environment conditions [23]. Anthrax has a high mortality rate [24] and, therefore, new therapy approaches against it must be considered. RIT with the antibodies to the components to the tripartite B. anthracis toxin was effective in vitro and in vivo against B. anthracis germinating spores and live cells [25,26]. While both β-emitter 188Re, and α-emitter 213Bi were used in these experiments, α-emitter 213Bi exerted more pronounced effect on bacteria. These data not only suggest that RIT can be employed to act against anthracis infection but also target toxigenic bacteria with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies.
Drug screening of rhodanine derivatives for antibacterial activity
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Suresh Maddila, Sridevi Gorle, Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
Bacterial infections are a serious health risk and these include clinically acquired ones. The alarming increase in these types of infections has imposed a severe challenge on healthcare organizations to develop new and more effective drugs for their treatment [1–3]. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cause many of these infections [4]. Generally, the pathogens in medicinal settings are gram-positive bacteria, which include Staphylococcus epidermidis/S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae/S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus/S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis/E. faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium/E. faecium. The gram-negative bacteria are Escherichia coli/E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa/P. aeruginosa, Chlamydophila pneumonia/C. pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia/M. pneumonia, and Legionella pneumophila/L. pneumophila among others, which are proficient in triggering severe deadly toxicities [5–8].