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Bacteria-Derived Alternatives to Live Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guerin for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Treatment
Published in Ananda M. Chakrabarty, Arsénio M. Fialho, Microbial Infections and Cancer Therapy, 2019
Esther Julián, Estela Noguera-Ortega
Mycobacterium is the only genus in the Mycobacteriaceae family, which belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria. To date, approximately 175 members of this genus have been described (http://www.bacterio.net/mycobacterium.html). Mycobacteria include obligate pathogens as well as ubiquitous environmental nonpathogenic bacilli [103–106]. The principal pathogens are members of the M, tuberculosis complex and M. leprae (Fig. 4.1), but a small group of nontuberculous environmental mycobacteria can also cause infections, mainly in immunosuppressed individuals but also in immunocompetent individuals. The most frequently isolated opportunistic mycobacteria are the slow-growing members of the M. avium complex, M. kansasii, M. xenopi, and M. simiae, and the rapid growers M. abscessus, M. fortuitum, M. marinum, and M. chelonae [107–109]. Exposure to aerosolized NTM in water droplets and the detachment of NTM from biofilms that form on catheters are the principal methods of exposure and acquisition of pulmonary or bloodstream infections. Although this group of pathogenic mycobacteria is capable of causing infections, the majority of species are common environmental microorganisms that rarely or never cause infection (Fig. 4.1).
Mycobacterium
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Verlaine J. Timms, Brett Anthony Neilan
The Mycobacteriaceae are aerobic, catalase positive and are considered Gram positive. Their main characteristic is that they are acid alcohol fast due to their waxy cell wall. It is the complex cell wall that significantly affects their growth, pathogenicity, resistance to bacteriocides, and survival. In all mycobacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is surrounded by a hydrophobic arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan-mycolic acid layer (Figure 19.1). In the M. avium complex (MAC), this layer is surrounded by a second electron dense layer, made up, in part, of serovar-specific glycopeptidolipid (ssGPL)1–6 that consists of core nonspecific GPL modified by serovar-specific oligosaccharide side chains. The core nonspecific GPL is common to many environmental mycobacteria and has a tetrapeptide structure linked to a 6-deoxy-L-talose which in MAC is further modified with variable oligosaccharide structures to form ssGPL.7,8
Mycobacterium leprae
Published in Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward, Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward
Leprosy (also called Hansen’s disease) is a chronic granulomatous disease of the skin and peripheral nervous system caused by Mycobacterium leprae. M. leprae is a member of the Mycobacteriaceae family. It is an obligate intra-cellular gram-positive bacillus that requires the environment of the host macrophage for survival and propagation by binary fission. It shows preferential tropism towards macrophages and Schwann cells that surround the axons of nerve cells. The bacilli resist intracellular degradation by macrophages, possibly by escaping from the phagosome into the cytoplasm and preventing fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes.
Antibacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: an update on the recent literature
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Claudiu T. Supuran, Clemente Capasso
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogenic bacteria belonging to Mycobacteriaceae family, is the causative agent of tuberculosis [64]. The genome of the human pathogen M. tuberculosis encodes for three β-CAs [64]. The genes were indicated with the following acronyms Rv1284, Rv3588c and Rv3273, while the translated polypeptide chains with the acronyms mtCA1, mtCA2 and mtCA3, respectively. The recombinant enzymes showed an appreciable catalytic activity for CO2 hydration, with kcat of 3.9 × 105 s−1, and kcat/KM of 3.7 × 107 M−1 s−1 for mtCA1, of 9.8 × 105 s−1, and kcat/KM of 9.3 × 107 M−1 s−1 for mtCA2 and kcat of 4.3 × 105 s−1, and a kcat/KM of 4.0 × 107 M−1 s−1 for mtCA3 [64].
Inhalable dry powders of rifampicin highlighting potential and drawbacks in formulation development for experimental tuberculosis aerosol therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Kai Berkenfeld, Jason T. McConville, Alf Lamprecht
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is gram-negative bacterial species of the ubiquitous mycobacteriaceae family, showing slow growth (generation time is typically about 24 h), complex cell envelopes, and intracellular pathogenesis. Depending on the patient’s immune status, it may remain dormant for several years, which leads to delayed development of clinical symptoms [1]. The main site of infection is the lungs, though infections can secondarily spread to other organs (e.g. liver), and eventually generalize. Characteristic symptoms after lung infection, which typically occurs after exposition to bacteria conveying aerosols, include cough, fever, and hemoptysis, as well as anorexia and weight loss [2]. In 2018, approximately 10 million cases of TB were registered, making it the ninth leading cause of death globally and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent [3]. Standard therapies of drug-susceptible strains include administration of four first-line antibiotics, i.e. rifampicin (rifampin, RIF), isoniazid (INH), ethambutol, and pyrazinamide over a period of at least 26 weeks [4].
Surgery is safe and effective when indicated in the acute phase of hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Etienne Canouï, Virginie Zarrouk, Florence Canouï-Poitrine, Ugo Desmoulin, Véronique Leflon, Wassim Allaham, Victoire de Lastours, Pierre Guigui, Bruno Fantin
HPVO was defined as an infection involving the spine, including spondylitis, discitis, spondylodiscitis, osteomyelitis, epidural abscess, and spinal cord abscess. We included all patients aged 18 years or older with bacteriologically proven HPVO and typical radiological features (MRI or CT scan). The causative agent was identified after isolation in blood culture or in vertebral biopsy (surgical or CT-guided). We excluded infections due to nonpyogenic microorganisms (Mycobacteriaceae, fungi) and post-operative vertebral osteomyelitis. Demographic, clinical, biological, radiological, and microbiological data at inclusion were retrospectively collected. Neurological deficit was evaluated with the ASIA impairment scale [10]. Pain intensity was assessed using the pain medication level classified following the WHO’s classification of analgesic treatment from 1 (nonopioid analgesic) to 3 (strong-opioid analgesic) [11]. This study was reported using the format recommended by the STROBE statement [12]. This study cohort was declared to the Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL) on 08/10/2015 and registered as n°1895113. Written information was given to the patients. According to French law, approval by an Institutional Review Board is not mandatory for retrospective monocentric observational studies.