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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Pyrethrum, which has been used as an insecticide for >60 years, is the partly refined extract of the chrysanthemum flower. It is an oleoresin. The extract contains about 50% active ingredients. Pyrethrins are the insecticidally active ingredients of pyrethrum, now known to consist of ketoalcohol esters of pyrethric and chrysanthemic acids. The alcohols are pyrethrolone, cinerolone, and jasmolone, whose respective esters are known as pyrethrins, cinerins, and jasmolins. Being light, heat, and moisture sensitive, they have a half-life in hours. Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds based structurally on the pyrethrin molecule but modified to improve stability in the natural environment for light, heat, etc. In general, they have been observed to cause more health problems than natural pyrethrums.533
Genetic improvement of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium Sch. Bip.) through gamma radiation and selection of high yield stable mutants through seven post-radiation generations
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Raj Kishori Lal, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Pankhuri Gupta, Anand Mishra, Madan Mohan Gupta
The flowers pyrethrum were collected and air-dried in shade. In a soxhlet apparatus,1 gm of air-dried flowers were used to isolate pyrethrins for 6 hours with 100 mL n-hexane (40◦–60◦C) and evaporated, the residue was treated with 10 mL acetonitrile for HPLC analysis. Pyrethrins were estimated through a reverse-phase HPLC using a slightly modified method reported earlier (Wang et al. 1997; Haque et al. 2007). The concentration of pyrethrins was measured as a mixture of pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmolin I and jasmolin II of standard pyrethrin developed as a pyrethrin technical mixture from Sigma-Aldrich, USA, PESTANAL (HPLC assay 21.58%). Sample extracts and standards were protected from heat and light and were placed in a deep freezer at −4˚C.
Toxicological aspect of bioinsecticide pyrethrum extract and expressions of apoptotic gene levels in human hepotacellular carcinoma HepG2 cells
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Sevcan Mamur, Esra Gündüzer, Melek Yaman
Plant-based insecticides that are mainly used all over the world, are pyrethrum, azadirachtin, rotenone, nicotine, ryania, quassine, sabadilla, and plant oils (Guncan and Durmusoglu 2004). These compounds have lethal effects against pests in agricultural areas inhibiting the development of larvae and pupae (Gupta and Dikshit 2010; Campos et al. 2016). Pyrethrum extract (PE) is a natural bioinsecticide derived from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium containing six isomers (pyrethrin I, cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin II and jasmolin II), and still has a wide range of uses (Price et al. 2007; Xu et al. 2017). It has an excellent and broad insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems to control pest insects in homes and farms (Lu et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2018). PE is a nerve poison and has a fast and lethal effect on biting and sucking insects, and is highly effective against warehouse pests (Weinzierl & Henn 1991; Casida and Quistad 1995). An acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of PE up to 0.04 mg/kg bw was established by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the acute reference dose of 0.2 mg/kg bw was established on the basis of the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in a study of acute neurotoxicity in rats (Pfeil 2003). According to the regulation of Commission Regulation (EC, No. 889/2008), the use of natural pyrethrins is allowed in organic farming (EC 2008; Yang et al. 2018). In 2018, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2018) allowed using ten individual pesticides including Pyrethrins (EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0331-0085, 12 Feb 2020). However, PE is less stable in environmental conditions because it is lipophilic and photosensitive, undergoes rapid biodegradation and is toxic to insects and aquatic organisms (Cox 2002; Isman 2006; USEPA, 2006; Schleier and Peterson 2011; Oliveira et al. 2019).