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The Role of Plant-Based Natural Compounds in Inflammation
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Marcela Dvorakova, Premysl Landa, Lenka Langhansova
Cyclooxygenases (isoforms COX-1 and COX-2) are dimeric membrane-bound proteins. First, COXs convert the released AA to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). Subsequently, tissue-specific PG synthases rapidly convert PGH2 to bioactive prostanoids: (i) prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α); (ii) prostacyclin (PGI2); or (iii) thromboxane (TXA2) (Ambati and Jachak, 2020). mPGES-1 is situated downstream of COX-2 and promotes an excessive PGE2 production from COX-2–derived PGH2 during inflammation.
The Inflammatory Response: A Bridge Between The Constitutive and Inducible Systems
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In addition to the vasoactive amines, histamine and serotonin, there are other vasoactive hormones released at the site of an inflammatory response. They include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The prostaglandins and leukotrienes are lipid hormones. They are derived from arachidonic acid which is cleaved from the membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (Figure 4.2). The phospholipase is activated by substances that damage cell membranes. After release, the arachidonic acid is oxygenated by one or the other of two enzyme systems. These are the cyclooxygenase system, the actions of which result in the production of the prostaglandins, and the lipooxygenase system, the actions of which result in the production of the leukotrienes. A large number of different prostaglandins have been described. The major prostaglandins produced are PGE1, PGE2, PGF2a, prostacyclin (PG12), and Thromboxane A2. The leukotrienes produced include LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, and LTF4.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
In addition to their role in corneal inflammation, prostaglandins may assist in the maintenance of normal corneal deturgesence. It has been suggested that the normal endothelial polygonal shape is maintained by PGE2.24 Endothelial cells synthesize significant amounts of PGE2in vitro.24 In the presence of indomethacin or flurbiprofen, these cells are also seen to lose their normal polygonal shape and become elongated. Although both flurbiprofen and indomethacin are specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors, flurbiprofen has less effect on endothelial cell shape than does indomethacin.24 The significance of this effect of PGE2 on the corneal endothelium is not known at this time, but it is thought it may have a role in the healing of endothelial damage.24
Phloroglucinol inhibits oxytocin-induced contraction in rat gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Wenhui Yang, Hua Guo, Jinbo Niu, Junya Liu, Ran Su, Yingde Bai, Shuang Zhang, Qian Liu, Nan Sun
Prostaglandin is a kind of unsaturated fatty acid with extensive physiological activity. Prostaglandins have been reported to play a key role in the uterine contraction (Olson 2003, Li et al.2021). PGF2α and PGE2 are the two most prominent prostaglandins. Studies reported that PD is related with elevated levels of PGF2α (Liu et al.2017, Wei et al.2018). Ge-Gen Decoction repressed OT-induced contraction of uterus and obviously attenuated the OT-induced increased PGF2α expression (Yang et al.2016). Nevertheless, the level of PGE2 in PD is debateable. Decreased levels of PGE2 in PD were observed in serum and uterine of PD mice (Yang et al.2015). However, Huang et al. (2016) found that the PGE2 level was increased in uterine tissues of PD mice. Thus, the mechanism by which PGE2 are decreased in PD needs further research. In this study, we discovered that OT significantly increased the PGF2α level and decreased the PGE2 level, whereas phloroglucinol remarkably reversed the changes, suggesting that phloroglucinol may suppress OT-induced contraction through modulating PGE2 and PGF2α expression.
Could Immunonutrition Help in the Fight against COVID-19 in Cancer Patient?
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Gang Tang, Linyu Zhang, Wang Huang, Zhengqiang Wei
In recent years, the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been widely studied. In general, omega-3 fatty acids can improve the systemic inflammatory response, which plays a key role in preventing cytokine storm (90). Omega-3 fatty acids may improve inflammation in three ways. Firstly, it can inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway and inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids may downregulate prostaglandin E2 by altering cell membrane composition, reducing inflammatory response. Finally, omega-3 fatty acids can promote the release of anti-inflammatory mediators and accelerate inflammation to subside (91). In addition, regulation of gut microecological balance may also be one of the mechanisms to alleviate inflammation (92). In patients with gastrointestinal cancer, omega-3 fatty acids can improve the inflammatory response caused by surgery, significantly reducing the levels of C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α (93).
Systemic side effects of glaucoma medications
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Amirmohsen Arbabi, Xuan Bao, Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby, Reza Razeghinejad
Prostaglandin F2α is derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway and induces bronchoconstriction.73 Not only topical beta blockers but also topical prostaglandin F2α analogs (mostly latanoprost) could exacerbate asthma.74 Headache, dizziness, rhinitis, flu-like symptoms, muscle/joint pain, and non-specific skin pigmentation are reported with latanoprost monotherapy (Table 1).75,76 The proinflammatory and proapoptotic effects of benzalkonium chloride-containing prostaglandins are responsible for several ocular side effects, such as conjunctival hyperaemia and superficial punctate keratitis.77 Prostaglandin analogs are relatively contraindicated in patients with inflammatory glaucoma, as they aggravate anterior uveitis and cystoid macular oedema.78,79