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Coronary Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/Ischemic Heart Disease/Coronary Atherosclerosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
EPA/DHA: Epidemiological studies and dietary trials in humans suggest that alpha-linolenic acid (EPA/DHA) is a major cardio-protective nutrient.7 High dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid reduced the amount of “plaque” in arteries serving the heart.8 Increased intake of N-3 fatty acids in fish oils or alpha-linolenic acid (e.g., 1.5 gm/day) was associated with anti-arrhythmic activity, decreased platelet aggregation, slowed atherosclerotic progression, and decreased rates of sudden death in patients with known coronary artery disease.9,10
The dietary requirements of infants
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
The 18-carbon chain polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) are essential fatty acids, in that they cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from the diet. Linoleic acid can be obtained from many plant, seed and nut oils such as corn, soybean, sesame and sunflower, while alpha-linolenic acid can be obtained from soybeans, walnuts, wheatgerm, rapeseed oil, linseeds and their oils. The longer carbon chain omega-3s, eicosapentaenoic acid (20 carbons) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 carbons), found in fatty fish and shellfish (such as herring, fresh tuna, salmon and mackerel) are seen as conditionally essential, since they can only be formed to a limited extent in the body from alpha-linolenic acid.63 Docosahexaenoic acid is important in the development of the brain and retina, and together with eicosapentaenoic acid, is important in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.63
Cardiac Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Megan Horsley, Jeffrey Anderson
EFA deficiency results when there is insufficient dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Deficiency is further exaggerated by increased metabolic demands required for growth and hypermetabolism after stress, injury, surgery, or sepsis. Therefore, it may be necessary in patients that are fed long term with specialty formulas restricting LCT to supplement with EFA in order to provide 1%–4% and 0.2%–1% of the total daily energy intake from dietary LA and ALA, respectively, in order to prevent EFA deficiency.
Food and beverages undermining elderly health: three food-based dietary guidelines to avoid or delay chronic diseases of lifestyle among the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Gugulethu Moyo, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
A meta-analysis by Mozaffarian and Rimm (2006) showed that risk of coronary disease mortality and total mortality reduces by 36% and 17% respectively with daily consumption of 250 mg EPA/DHA.86 Moreover, another meta-analysis demonstrated that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3, n−3) consumption may also have cardiovascular benefits, so that each 1 g per day increment of ALA intake was associated with a 10% lower risk of CHD-related mortality.88 ALA is mostly taken from plant foods such as flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil and soybeans; therefore, it is less expensive and more accessible compared with EPA and DHA, which are mostly consumed from seafoods.89 ALA is an essential fatty acid and cannot be synthesised by the human body. It is converted to EPA within the body; however, the conversion rate is limited to less than 10%.88 Therefore, it is not clear whether or not the beneficial effects of ALA go beyond EPA-mediated mechanisms. Common mechanisms through which ALA and EPA/DHA work may include antiarrhythmic properties, anti-thrombosis properties, improvement in endothelial function and inflammatory factors.88
Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
José Javier López-Cano, Miriam Ana González-Cela-Casamayor, Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero, Rocío Herrero-Vanrell, Irene Teresa Molina-Martínez
Another interesting possibility for supplementation of the dry eye disease could be the use of fatty acids omega 3 and omega 6. These fatty acids have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms as an oral supplement due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, recently they have also been shown to be effective topically in eye drops [222]. A study with eye drops containing hyaluronic acid and omega 3 essential fatty acids showed a decrease in corneal irregularities, in addition to reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of dry eye disease, compared to eye drops containing only hyaluronic acid [223]. Another study used various types of fatty acids formulated in emulsion. The authors tested alpha-linolenic acid omega-3 (ALA) and linoleic acid omega 6 (LA). These fatty acids were tested alone and in combination, compared to the vehicle in a mouse animal model. The formulations were applied topically every 48 hours, up to a total of 3 doses. In the case of treatment with alpha-linolenic acid, the results showed a decrease in damage to the corneal epithelium. Furthermore, the use of ALA showed a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1. These results may mean a decrease in inflammation produced in dry eye pathology [224]. The introduction of these fatty acids in liposomal formulations could be of great interest.
The associations of circulating common and uncommon polyunsaturated fatty acids and modification effects on dietary quality with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in NHANES 2003–2004 and 2011–2012
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Yuntao Zhang, Xiaoyu Guo, Jian Gao, Chunbo Wei, Shengnan Zhao, Zhipeng Liu, Hu Sun, Jiemei Wang, Lin Liu, Ying Li, Tianshu Han, Changhao Sun
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (LA, n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) have been widely reported to play an essential role in regulating several physiological processes, such as inflammation, glucose regulation, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. All these physiological processes are closely related to the development of metabolic disorders. An increasing number of suggestions recommended the partial replacement of dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, especially n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, to lower the risk of some metabolic disorders or cardiovascular disease, which are the major cause of death [1,2]. The beneficial influence of the replacement is mostly based on serum LDL concentrations [3]. In addition, results from several different studies recently showed that PUFAs n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn3, n-3), which paid less attention before, could also benefit to cardiometabolic health in a different way to the other long-chain n-3 PUFAs2 [4]. Similarly, another fatty acid, stearidonic acid (SDA, n-3), indicated that single-dose SDA-rich echium oil increases plasma EPA, DPAn3, and DHA concentrations, which might be a promising alternative plant source for long-chain n-3 PUFAs compared to ALA [5–7].