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Water Pollution and Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Antul Kumar, Anuj Choudhary, Harmanjot Kaur, Ritesh Kumar, Radhika Sharma, Himani Gautam, Sahil Mehta
Physiologically, phytohormones play a significant role in overcoming stress challenges caused by hyperaccumulation of heavy metals in wastewater. The regulation of phytohormones has been reported as fluctuating in accordance with the number of contaminants; for example, concentrations of metal ions affect the release and transportation of abscisic acid (ABA), brassinosteroids (BR), and indole acetic acid (IAA) (Wani et al. 2016). Brassinosteroids help in the detoxification of heavy metals by upregulating the productions of phytochelatins (PCs) that chelate accumulated ions in a plant cell. These steroids are also responsible for antioxidant activity and enhanced PC production to overcome the effect of Cu stress (Choudhary et al. 2011). According to Usha et al. (2009), the level of auxin and ABA is enhanced in response to the overproduction of PCs during the hyperaccumulation of Cu, Zn, and Cd in Prosopis juliflora. It was found that secondary messenger molecules combined or forming hormones-MAPK complex can cause efficient transcription and signalling during stress. However, ethylene is produced under senescence or age-related stresses. Besides these, the crosstalk between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid is a crucial defence response in stress acclimatization. Phytohormones like auxins, ABA, ethylenes, and BRs, etc. change their production or accumulation in a synergetic and antagonistic manner in mitigating stress issues (Komal et al. 2020).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Arachidonic acid (22) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that plays a special role as a synthetic intermediate in plants and animals (Mann et al., 1994). As shown in Figure 6.6, allylic oxidation at the 11th carbon of the chain leads to the hydroperoxide (23). Further oxidation (at the 15th carbon) with two concomitant cyclization reactions gives the cyclic peroxide (24). This is a key intermediate for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins such as 6-ketoprostaglandin F1a (25) and also for methyl jasmonate (26). The latter is the methyl ester of jasmonic acid, a plant hormone, and is a significant odor component of jasmine, as is jasmone (27), a product of degradation of jasmonic acid.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
Biotic responses are normally mediated by signaling compounds, such as jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl isoleucine (Ile-JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized from linolenic or hexadecatrienoic acids starting with lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. JA and related compounds have a key role in regulation of herbivory and wounding responses by modulating global changes in gene expression. Another example of a major biotic signaling compound is salicylic acid (SA) and its methyl analog, methyl salicylate (MeSA), which have been shown to take part in defense signaling against pathogens, leading to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and providing long-term defense (Heil and Ton, 2008). Both JA and SA may co-participate and cross talk in herbivory and pathogen responses. Ethylene (ET) also has an important role in plant protection, acting as virulence factor of pathogens and signaling compound in disease resistance, depending on the situation (van Loon et al., 2006). The simulation of herbivory by applying mechanical damage can induce the formation of JA and ET (Bailey et al., 2005). Besides, SA or JA exposure triggers events such as production of ROS and increased cytoplasmic Ca2+, which can stimulate certain biochemical reactions and production of secondary metabolites (Lin et al., 2001) (see Table 6.3).
Targeting glucose metabolism to develop anticancer treatments and therapeutic patents
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Yan Zhou, Yizhen Guo, Kin Yip Tam
Jasmonates (a plant stress hormones family) and some of their synthetic derivatives exhibited anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo [43,44]. O Fingrut and E Flescher found in 2002 that jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) induced apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukemia cells and suppressed cell proliferation, as well as tumor growth in various human cancer cell lines [45]. In 2018, Vered Behar’s team reported methods of using HK2/mitochondria-detaching compounds, including jasmonate derivatives and piperazine derivatives, as well as pharmaceutical compositions for treating, inhibiting, or suppressing a HK2-expressing cancer [14]. Among these compounds, it was found that one of the Jasmonate derivatives (1–9) inhibited colony formation and decreased cell viability of CTCL tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner (0.50–3.00 µM). In addition to that, 1–9 was reported to be a selective HK2 inhibitor with minimal effect on HK1.
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
The antimicrobial activity exhibited by the mangrove plant parts could be due to the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and sugars present in the plant extract (Govindappa and Poojashri 2011). The variation of insecticidal activity of the present study might be due to distribution of insecticidal substances, which varied from fraction to fractions of the crude extract of Piper beetle against S. litura (Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.2016). The GC–MS analysis of S. maritima crude extract indicates the presence of bio active compounds against the agriculture pests. The major bio active compound is precocene-1 and the compound had been used against the Eurygaster integriceps development and reproduction (Amiri et al.2010). Erland et al. (2015) reported that essential oils from nine plant extracts and lavender increased mortality in the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). Koul et al. (2013) reported that acute toxicity of essential oils against larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, S. litura, and Chilo partellus, also support these conclusions. Exogenous application of JA and SA to plants has been shown to invoke disease resistance by mediated effective defenses against pathogens and herbivores (Smith et al.2009, Kalaivani et al.2016, 2018, 2021, Senthil-Nathan 2019).
Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Farzaneh Fatemi, Mohammad Reza Abdollahi, Asghar Mirzaie-asl, Dara Dastan, Kalliope Papadopoulou
Several factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses can affect plant secondary metabolites. Application of elicitors effectively promotes the production and yield of plant secondary metabolites in vivo in an easy and direct manner (Xu et al. 2011). In addition, in vitro techniques are applied both to rescue the plant species and to produce biologically active compounds. It has been reported that in vitro plant cultures induce higher amounts of RA than the wild plants (Xu et al. 2011). The most important factor enhancing metabolite synthesis is the elicitation process (Xu et al. 2011). Among signalling molecules salicylic acid (SA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been applied as oxidative stresses to induce RA production in some species. On the other hand, jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester methyl jasmonate (MeJA) have a main role in a signal transduction process. These compounds are also widely used in plant cell cultures to activate secondary metabolite and defence genes. It seems that RA acts as a main accumulated defence compound against pathogens, herbivores and can also reduce oxidative damage (Hadian et al. 2011). MWCNTSs (Ghorbanpour and Hadian 2015) and SA (Vicent and Plasencia 2011) were known as potent enhancers of some secondary metabolites in previous studies. Several studies showed that SA signalling pathway was involved in biosynthesis of terpenoids (Xu et al. 2011). Researchers demonstrated that lower concentrations of SA could increase monoterpene contents in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) (Xu et al. 2011).