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The Genus Blumea
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Pang et al. (2014a) in a review, cited 35 flavonoids and some other phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from B. balsamifera (Pang et al., 2014a). With the advancement in phytochemical studies in recent years, some more flavonoids have been reported from B. balsamifera. Ali et al. (2005) reported a new biflavanoid as 3-O-7”-biluteolin (53), along with 3’,4’,5-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (15) and 3,4’,5-trihydroxy-3’,7-dimethoxyflavanone (46) from various extracts of B. balsamifera (Ali et al., 2005). Tan et al., (2013) reported isolation of phenolic compounds gentisic acid (59), 2,4-dicumylphenol (68) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (69) (Tan et al., 2013). Many flavonoids reported from Blumea species have been proven to have superoxide radical scavenging and anti-oxidant properties (Banjarnahor & Artanti, 2015; Rice-Evans et al., 1997; Nessa et al., 2010).
Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Fenugreek has powerful antioxidant properties, more particularly from the aqueous fraction than the flavonoids and phenolics linked to its health benefits. Fenugreek contains a fairly high amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, amino acids and other antioxidants. It contains a major class of phenolics like gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid of the seed extract. Fenugreek endosperm contains 35% alkaloids, primarily trigonelline. All these compounds are classified as biologically active, as these have pharmacological effects on the human body when ingested (Table 7.3). Their use should, therefore, be promoted in daily diet or through supplementation to manage hypercholesterolemia, cancer and diabetes mellitus as they possess hypoglycaemic, antilipidemic, anticarcinogenic and cholagogic properties.
The Labeling of Peptides with Positron-Emitting Radionuclides: The Importance of PET in Cancer Diagnosis
Published in Marco Chinol, Giovanni Paganelli, Radionuclide Peptide Cancer Therapy, 2016
Stefano Papi, Nicoletta Urbano, Esteban R. Obenaus, Marco Chinol
For this reason, Cu2+ azamacrocyclic complexes have been extensively studied. Kaden illustrated in 1993 (71) their structural complexity, showing that Cu may assume several conformations and coordination geometries depending on the structure and degree/type of derivatization of the azamacrocyclic rings. Anderson et al. in 1995 synthesized two new conjugates, TETA-D-Phe1-octreotide (TETA = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N′,N″,N″-tetraacetic acid), and CPTA-D-Phe1-octreotide (CPTA = 4-[1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradec-1-methyl]-benzoic acid) (72). They labeled both with 64Cu and compared them to 111In-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide. They prepared TETA and CPTA analogs with specific activity in the range 56–111GBq/mmol; the complexation kinetic of 64Cu with TETA was more favourable than with CPTA, where only 85% was radiolabeled up to 18 hours, requiring thus a reversed phase purification. Their preparations were stable when gentisic acid was added, otherwise were subject to radiolysis. One point open to further investigation is the dissociation of the metal complex and relative metabolites analysis. Sun, Anderson, and colleagues published in 200 (33) an in vivo evaluation of three different 64Cu-monooxo-tetraazamacrocyclic ligands with different ring size and oxo-position. They found that, beside the good stability in rat serum, a costant high uptake was common in blood, liver, and kidneys, indicating a dissociation of 64Cu from the complexes. The three oxo-complexes are C1 charged and the authors suggested that shifting the complex charge to neutral or negative may improve biodistribution. Anderson, Boswell et al. published the same year a comparative evaluation of 64Cu conventional and cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic complexes useful for derivatization of peptide for tumor imaging. Previous works indeed demonstrated how 64Cu is partially dissociated from conventional macrocyclics and subsequently bound to superoxide dismutase (SOD). This paper found out that the structurally enforcing cross-bridge enhances the in vivo stability by reducing metal losses (Fig. 10).
Novel plasma metabolite markers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified using high-performance chemical isotope labelling-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Liang-Jen Wang, Wen-Jiun Chou, Ching-Shu Tsai, Min-Jing Lee, Sheng-Yu Lee, Chia-Wei Hsu, Pei-Chun Hsueh, Chih-Ching Wu
Gentisic acid is a derivative of benzoic acid excreted by the kidneys and a minor (1%) product of the metabolic breakdown of aspirin. Gentisic acid is used as an antioxidant excipient in some pharmaceutical preparations. Acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolite gentisic acid have been proposed to act as adjunctive agents in the treatment of psychiatric disorders (Altinoz and Ozpinar 2019). Tryptophyl-phenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of tryptophan and phenylalanine. While some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects, most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis (Hagiwara et al. 1992). This study’s results showed that Tryptophyl-phenylalanine was negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms. We suppose that tryptophyl-phenylalanine may contribute to a susceptibility to ADHD.
Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of the gentisic acid on HTC cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Flavia Maria Lima Cavalcante, Igor Vivian Almeida, Elisângela Düsman, Mário Sérgio Mantovani, Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini
Gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Figure 1) is a biosynthetic derivative of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) (Belles et al.1999), which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, as well as being able to ameliorate cardiovascular problems related to aging, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and dyslipidemia (Juurlink et al.2014, Li et al.2014). This substance can be found in citric fruits (Citrus spp.), grapes (Vitis vinifera), Jerusalem artichokes (Helianthus tuberosus), sesame (Sesamum indicum), gentians (Gentiana spp.), red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus), and olives (Olea europaea), and consequently, it is found in virgin olive oil (Harris et al.2007, Godoy-Caballero et al.2012). It is believed that the gentisic acid that is found in Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) extract presents an effective anticarcinogenic role for this particular plant (Sharma et al.2004a).
Investigation of the phytochemical composition and remedial effects of southern grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.) plant extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Aysegul Eroglu, Abdulahad Dogan
As shown in (Table 1 and Figure 1), quinic acid, fumaric acid, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, and apigenin were detected in the MAP ethanol extract. Additionally, significant amounts of quinic acid, fumaric acid, caffeic acid, and kaempferol were found in the MB ethanol extract (Table 2 and Figure 2). Quinic acid is widely found in plants and is synthesized by the shikimic acid pathway (Pero et al. 2009). It has also been shown that quinic acid can be metabolized to hippuric acid by the intestinal microflora in the GI tract and it possesses DNA repair and immune modulating properties (Gonthier et al.2003). Fumaric acid is formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle mainly by oxidation of succinate and then converted to malic acid (Pirgozliev et al.2008). With successful absorption of fumaric acid into the systemic circulation, it provides stability against both intestinal and hepatic hydrolysis throughout the intestinal mucosa (Werdenberg et al.2003). Gentisic acid is a metabolite of salicylic acid and is also found naturally in some plants and fungi (Joshi et al.2012). Gentisic acid has also been described in vitro for the effects of its physiological variables on the release behavior in simulated GI environments (Jovanović et al.2019). Caffeic acid is a powerful antioxidant in the class of hydroxycinnamic acids. Furthermore, caffeic acid has been reported to ameliorate ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage (Kolgazi et al.2021). Kaempferol and apigenin are polyphenol antioxidants that are found in plants. It has been reported that kaempferol and apigenin have antiulcer effects in rats with gastric damage caused by ethanol and various toxic chemicals (Jahedsani et al.2020; Campos-Vidal et al.2021). Mahomoodally et al. (2021) reported that quinic acid and fumaric acid were dominant compounds in the flower and leaf extracts of M. neglectum, respectively. Similarly, it has been reported that there are similar compounds in Muscari species and that these compounds have many health benefits, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, etc. (Özcan et al.2018; Giglio et al.2021). There can be reasonable justification for the gastric protective effect of substances identified as major compounds in M. neglectum plant extracts, as seen in the literature above.