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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A patient became allergic to hydroquinone from a bleaching cream; she also had post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, incorrectly called ‘exogenous ochronosis’ by the authors (4). Another patient also had allergic contact dermatitis from hydroquinone in a skin-lightening cream (11). A woman developed allergic contact dermatitis from hydroquinone present at a 5% concentration in a cream used to prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation after a glycolic acid peel (32). Another woman had allergic contact dermatitis of the face from hydroquinone in a bleaching cream with reticulate post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (10). Two patients with probable allergic contact dermatitis from hydroquinone presenting as leukomelanoderma were reported from Japan in 2017 (42).
Basic Radiography Concepts and Principles
Published in Russell L. Wilson, Chiropractic Radiography and Quality Assurance Handbook, 2020
The most hazardous chemicals in the developer are hydroquinone, potassium hydroxide, and glutaraldehyde. They can cause skin and eye irritation, and some people will be allergic to the chemicals. Developer will permanently stain and ruin clothing. Gloves and eye protection with side shields should be used when handling the developer. Hydroquinone can be absorbed through the skin. Wash thoroughly after any contact with developer. An eyewash bath should be available.
Innovations and Future Prospects of Dermal Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Rashmi Upasani, Anushree Herwadkar, Neha Singh, Ajay K. Banga
Cosmeceuticals for pigmentation is another popular market. These products are based upon vitamins and botanicals that are able to interrupt melanin production at key steps. In recent years efforts have been focused on developing a hydroquinone alternative without the melanocyte toxicity associated with the oxidized version of hydroquinone. Hydroquinone is a recognized gold standard for its skin lightening properties. Till date, no single ingredient has been able to measure up to hydroquinone. Kojic acid (5 hydroxymethyl-4H pyrane 4-one) is one of the most popular skin lightening agents worldwide, however it has been removed from Japan due to its sensitizing properties (Reszko et al. 2009). The newer cosmeceutical skin lightening preparations contain multiple ingredients for optimal efficacy. For example, one cosmeceutical product contains Kojic acid in combination with embelica fruit extract and glycolic acid.
Cosmetic skin lightening use and side effects
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Natasha Masub, Amor Khachemoune
Hydroquinone is the gold standard skin lightening agent in the United States, albeit controversial. Hydroquinone is a phenol known to competitively inhibit melanin production by acting as a tyrosinase substrate. Through the release of semiquinone free radicals, melanocyte melanin production is damaged. With prolonged application, hydroquinone can result in exogenous ochronosis characterized by progressive pigmentation of the area to which the agent is applied (Figure 2). While the mechanism behind this is unknown, it is hypothesized that hydroquinone may inhibit homogentisic acid oxidase in the dermis leading to accumulation and polymerization of homogentisic acid (32). Histologically, exogenous ochronosis is characterized by banana-shaped yellow-brown deposits in the dermis (Figure 3). While several treatments have been reported in the literature for hydroquinone-induced ochronosis, results are mixed. Topical therapies including retinoic acid and trichloroacetic acid have not demonstrated efficacy. Light therapies including Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 nm) and oral tetracycline have demonstrated encouraging results (39,40). Other reported complications of hydroquinone include dermatitis, nail discoloration, and ocular symptoms such as conjunctival pigmentation and corneal degeneration (41–43).
Anti-melanogenic effects of extracellular vesicles derived from plant leaves and stems in mouse melanoma cells and human healthy skin
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2020
Ruri Lee, Hae Ju Ko, Kimin Kim, Yehjoo Sohn, Seo Yun Min, Jeong Ah Kim, Dokyun Na, Ju Hun Yeon
Melanin, a key component of the pigmentary systems of human hair, eyes and skin, is produced by melanocytes through a process called melanogenesis [1]. Abnormal accumulation of melanin causes dermatological problems such as freckles, solar lentigo and melasma, as well as cancer and vitiligo [2–5]. Therefore, regulating melanogenesis is a crucial strategy in the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders [6]. For example, hydroquinone, a hydroxyphenolic chemical compound that interferes with TYR activity, is used as a skin-bleaching agent in the cosmetic industry. However, hydroquinone may cause side effects such as contact dermatitis and exogenous ochronosis [7–9]. Tretinoin is another synthetic agent that inhibits TYR activity, but its use is associated with a high frequency of oedema or irritation [10].
Natural options for management of melasma, a review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
South Africa is a country of multiple ethnicity and origin, covering a wide range of darker skin types (35). Melasma is found more frequently and noticeable on Fitzpatrick skin types III–VI (darker skin phototypes) (14,15). Most intervention procedures (topical treatments, lasers and light, chemical peels) have been used but with undesired side effects and suboptimal results on darker skin types (3,16). The darker skin types tend to be sensitive to treatment interventions. Side effects like ochronosis when using hydroquinone (HQ), skin irritations to glycolic acid peels are common reported undesired effects. Darker skin types are more prone to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and have a greater chance of relapse (14,36,37). Although medium depth peels, e.g., trichloroacetic acid, are recommended for management of melasma, they should be used with caution as there is a risk of developing hypertrophic scarring and unwanted permanent depigmentation (17,36,37). Use of deep peels is completely prohibited as they are not suitable for darker skin types (36,37). Treatment interventions such as laser, although recommended in literature for melasma treatment, are not suitable for darker skin types (14,36–38).