China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Myroxylon pereirae resin can provoke an immediate-type reaction within 20–30 minutes, mostly consisting of erythema, less often also of wheals, in the majority of patients and healthy subjects. The frequency of such reactions is dose-dependent, higher concentrations having higher scores. Symptoms usually disappear within 1–3 hours. The causative ingredients have not clearly been identified. In some studies, patients with positive immediate reactions to MP co-reacted to benzoic acid (153,155), cinnamon / cinnamon oil (153,159), benzaldehyde (155), cinnamic acid (155), vanillin (153) or oil of cloves (high concentration of eugenol [159]). Benzoic acid is a well-known cause of nonimmune immediate contact reactions. Other culprit ingredients probably are cinnamon-derivatives such as cinnamic acid (155,159), but cinnamal, also a well-known cause of non-immune immediate contact reactions, is not a constituent of MP. Another possible causative ingredient is eugenol (120).
Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
From (+)-cuparene, six metabolites (333–338) were obtained. These are structurally very similar to those found in the metabolites of (−)-cuparene, except for the presence of an acetonide (336), but they are not identical. All metabolites possess benzoic acid moiety.
Chemophobia and the Boy Who Cried Wolf
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
Panera Bread’s advertisement involved sodium benzoate, which is used as a preservative in many foods and is simply the sodium version of the naturally occurring chemical benzoic acid. Panera Bread states in the caption below the video: Sodium Benzoate is an artificial preservative found in sauces, jellies and pickled foods. It’s also an active ingredient in fireworks. So, to celebrate our removal of all artificial preservatives from Panera food, we staged an Independence Day firework show in Johnston City, Illinois. The town hadn’t seen fireworks in 10 years. Of course, Panera Bread wishes those watching the advertisement will assume that Panera Bread is all about “natural” food ingredients with no “nasty” preservatives, which purportedly makes their food better for you. This is not true. In food, sodium benzoate is used to inhibit the growth of mold, yeast, and bacteria. In other words, it delays spoilage and extends the shelf life and safety of products where it is used. Again, this is part of sustainable agriculture by reducing food waste. Natural food sources of benzoic acid include fruits, vegetables, cheeses, and yogurt, as well as other foods. Sodium benzoate is perfectly safe and rapidly excreted from the body.
New chromatographic insights on drug:cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and their potential use in drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Marieta Constantin, Bogdan Cosman, Paolo Ascenzi, Bogdan C. Simionescu, Gheorghe Fundueanu
As shown in Table 5, the entrapment efficiency of the drugs that form very strong inclusion complexes (eugenol, methyl-paraben, ethyl-paraben, and ibuprofen) is very high, with values close to 100% for both β-CD and HP-β-CD; this suggests that each cavity of CDs is occupied by a guest molecule (CD:guest molecule ratio 1:1). Surprisingly, benzoic acid, which is known to form 1:1 inclusion complexes with β-CD and its derivatives [32], is not retained within the hydrophobic cavity of β-CD and HP-β-CD. In fact, benzoic acid does not form strong inclusion complexes, with values of IF being very low (IFβ = 1.11, IFHP = 1.05). However, benzoic acid is retained by nonspecific interactions as observed for other compounds with the exception of ethyl-paraben (see Table 5).
Lingonberries and their two separated fractions differently alter the gut microbiota, improve metabolic functions, reduce gut inflammatory properties, and improve brain function in ApoE−/− mice fed high-fat diet
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Nittaya Marungruang, Tatiana Kovalenko, Iryna Osadchenko, Ulrikke Voss, Fang Huang, Stephen Burleigh, Galyna Ushakova, Galyna Skibo, Margareta Nyman, Olena Prykhodko, Frida Fåk Hållenius
Approximately 70% of total dietary fibre in wLB are insoluble, and 30% are soluble14. Hence, it is plausible that the effects of wLB are more similar to those seen with insLB than with solLB. LB contain high concentration of benzoic acid (0.6–1.3 g/l), giving their low pH (pH 2.6–2.9)38. Benzoic acid is highly soluble in water39, and most likely present in the solLB fraction. Ingestion of benzoic acid at higher doses than 500 mg/kg (body weight) in rodents, and 5 mg/kg in humans have been reported to cause acute toxicity, gastrointestinal disturbances, and weight loss40. The solLB diet included 15 g/kg dietary fibre from the solLB fraction, which corresponds to approximately 136 g/kg solLB fraction in the diet (Table 1). This means that approximately 200 mg/kg benzoic acid was received by each mouse, which was below the tolerance limit. A period of 2-week feeding of solLB in a HF diet prevented weight gain, reduced epidydimal fat pad weight, and improved glucose metabolism, without showing signs of diarrhoea or illness. In humans, it is difficult to obtain the toxic dose of benzoic acid from lingonberries, since approximately 3 kg of lingonberries may have to be consumed in a person with 60 kg body weight to reach the same toxic level of benzoic acid. A low dose of the solLB fraction may be used as a potential weight loss diet, but this needs further evaluation.
Pharmaceutical suspensions of ursodeoxycholic acid for pediatric patients: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Oriana Boscolo, Leandro Salvo, Cecilia Dobrecky, Eliana N. Fissore, Fabian Buontempo, Valeria Tripodi, Silvia E. Lucangioli
Poorly water-soluble drugs are suitable candidates for suspension formulations and in turn, an unpleasant taste could be successfully masked to improve treatment adherence in pediatric patients. In this sense, there is only one commercially available UDCA oral liquid formulation (250 mg/5 ml) (Grupo Biotoscana 2020, Ursofalk). However, benzoic acid is used. Excipient selection becomes crucial in populations such as neonates and babies (Graham and Turner 2011). This is the case of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol employed as stabilizing and/or preservative agents. They may case metabolic acidosis which leads to a neurological state deterioration, cardiovascular failure and hematological abnormalities in neonates and babies (EMA 2017).