China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrine Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Although androgen analogues (such as the testosterone esters) have been used in the past to treat breast cancer, they have been superseded by more effective approaches and agents, and so are rarely used. For example, fluoxymesterone is occasionally used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in some countries but not the UK or US (where it is a controlled drug due to its abuse potential as an anabolic steroid). Therefore, androgen agents are not further described here.
Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System
Published in Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan, Drugs in Pregnancy, 2020
Risk Summary: Fluoxymesterone is used in the treatment of various diseases, such as endometriosis, hereditary angioedema, and fibrocystic breast disease. Nevertheless, Fluoxymesterone is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of developing female pseudohermaphroditism. Therefore, women planning to become pregnant should stop taking Fluoxymesterone first.
Patient characteristics and outcomes after ruxolitinib discontinuation in patients with myelofibrosis
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
John Mascarenhas, Maneesha Mehra, Jianming He, Ravi Potluri, Christina Loefgren
The analysis included 290 MF (PMF = 125, sMF = 165) patients with ruxolitinib discontinuation, from all the three databases (OP + TR [n = 127] + SM [n = 163]). The median (IQR) age of patients at ruxolitinib discontinuation was 68.0 (62.0−77.0) years. Patients from <45–64 years age group comprised the greatest proportion (39%) of the cohort. Half of the patients were men. Median (IQR) time to ruxolitinib discontinuation from ruxolitinib initiation date was 284 (113.0−562.0) days. Median (IQR) follow-up time after ruxolitinib discontinuation was 70.9 (6.9−251.8) days. Median (IQR) number of prior LOTs was 1.0 (0.0−1.0). Majority of patients (83.1%) did not receive any supportive care treatment (that included erythropoietin ± steroids [danazol, fluoxymesterone, prednisolone, or dexamethasone]) after ruxolitinib was discontinued, while a few received recombinant erythropoietin (2.4%), hydroxyurea (4.5%), or chemotherapy (0.3%) (Table 1).
Anabolic-androgenic steroids: procurement and administration practices of doping athletes
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Anthony C. Hackney, Masahito Matsumoto, Takahiro Maekawa, Koichi Nakazato, Shigeo Horie
According to a survey by Weber et al., testosterone, especially the enanthate ester, seems to be the most popular drug on the black market, followed by methandienone, stanozol, nandrolone, oxandrolone, boldenone, mesterolone, trenbolone, oxymetholone and methenolone [9]. Another survey showed similar prevalence for certain AAS on the black market: Testosterone (78.2%), methandienone (64.9%), nandrolone decanoate (63.5%), stanozolol (56%), boldenone undecanoate (53.9%), Trenbolone (51.3%), oxymetholone (37.7%), oxandrolone (37%), methenolone (28.2%), methyltestosterone (26.1%), drostanolone (20%) and fluoxymesterone (19.4%) [3]. In addition to AAS approved for human use, several unapproved forms of AAS intended for animal use are popular amongst athletes (Table 1). From the data of a recent study investigating the Google search trends with regard to AAS, seasonal fluctuations for several AAS have been observed [11]. For instance, ‘hardening’ agents (i.e. AAS thought to decrease body fat while increasing muscle mass without water retention) used by bodybuilders pre-contest such as oxandrolone, trenbolone and stanazolol show peaks during pre-contest/contest season (spring/summer), whereas compounds used year-round such as testosterone do not show such seasonal trends [11].
The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Koichi Nakazato
The major AAS used by athletes can be divided into three groups [30]: Testosterone derivatives (T, Methyltestosterone, Methandrostenolone, Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Boldenone): The compounds in this group are known to induce fast strength and muscle gains but show a high rate of aromatization. Due to the high water retention caused by aromatization, they are mainly used in bulking cycles for quick mass gains.Dihydrotestosterone derivatives (Stanozolol, Oxandrolone, Oxymetholone, Mesterolone, Methenolone, Drostanolone): Even though most of these compounds are highly androgenic, they have a high binding affinity to the androgen receptor and are potent strength and muscle mass builders. Due to the DHT structure, these compounds cannot aromatize to estrogen. Therefore, these compounds are often used for cutting cycles and pre-contest.Nandrolone derivatives (Nandrolone, Trenbolone): Compounds in this group show the highest anabolic to androgenic ratio and have strong muscle building effects. However, administration of nandrolone derivatives can result in elevated progestogenic activity. The use of this group of AAS is versatile and is used for both bulking and cutting cycles.