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Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, and malathion are organophosphate insecticides. Piperophos is an organophosphate herbicide. An in vitro human androgen receptor screening assay showed that chlorpyrifos and piperophos are potent androgen receptor antagonists.190 In vitro treatment of piperophos and chlorpyrifos decreased testosterone secretion and downregulated Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd17b3, and Star in rat Leydig cells.190 Chlorpyrifos also decreased in LH-stimulated stimulated cAMP production.190
Cultivation of Quandong (Santalum acuminatum)
Published in Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa, Australian Native Plants, 2017
Another major problem is the quandong moth (Paraepermenia santaliella), as the larvae damage fruit. Previously, a registered systemic dimethoate-based insecticide was used. The registration has lapsed and reasonable control is now obtained with a pyrethrum-based insecticide delivered after fruit set and just before fruit ripening. It is good orchard practice to remove any fallen fruit. Parasitic wasps have been observed infecting the larval stage of quandong moth and research into these biological control agents could be a useful. Interestingly, quandong associated with white cedar (Melia azedarach) as a host is known to accumulate sufficient azadirachtin-like chemicals to deter attack by the quandong grub (Beth Byrne, Waite Institute, University of Adelaide); this also offers another avenue for control.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to LD50 studies, which are accurate only for studies of acute exposures and, hence, invalid for approximating levels of chronic exposure, the order of descending toxicity for OPs (Figure 7.17) is tetraethyl pyrophosphate, phorate, disulfoton, fensulfothion, demeton, terbufor, meviphos, methidathion, chlormephos, sulfotep, chlorthiophos, monocrotophos, fonofos, prothoate, fenamiphos, phosfolan, methyl parathion, schradan, chlorfenvinphos, ethyl parathion, azinphos-methyl, phosphamidon, methamidophos, dicrotophos, isofenphos, bomy, carbophenothion, ethyl parathion (EPN), famphur, fenophosphon, dialifor, cyanofenphos, bromophos-ethyl, leopohos, dichlorvos, coumaphos, ethoprop, quinalphos, traizophos, demton-methyl, propetamphos, chlorpyrifos, sulprofos, dioxathion, isoxation, phosalone, thiometon, heptenophos, crotoxyphos, cythioate, phencapton, DEF, ethion, dimethoate, fenthion, dichlofenthion, and EPBP.144 Survival from these exposures can cause chemical sensitivity.
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Dimethoate, although the cause of poisoning in only 4 patients, resulted in severe poisonings in all of them, one of which was lethal. Fortunately, dimethoate poisoning was less frequent than in previous years, when dimethoate poisonings accounted for 20% of all OPP poisonings (Vučinić et al.2018). Dimethoate has a much higher affinity for AChE than for BuChE, consequently a much higher degree of inhibition of this enzyme and manifestation of the full clinical picture of OP poisoning occur. Dimethoate has low-fat solubility, which results in its high concentration in blood (Eddleston et al.2005). Although dimethoate exerts a similar acute toxicity profile to chlorpyrifos in animals, mortality from dimethoate is three times higher in humans. Dimethoate causes severe hypotension that is resistant to inotropic drugs (Davies et al.2008). AChE inhibited by dimethoate is resistant to oxime treatment, which was the case in this study, as well.
Determination of enzymatic kinetics of metabolism of dimethoate and omethoate in rats and humans
Published in Xenobiotica, 2023
Gopinath Nallani, Appavu Chandrasekaran, Kelem Kassahun, Li Shen, Rick Reiss, Paul Whatling
Dimethoate is an organophosphate (OP) insecticide widely used on fruit and other agricultural crops (Reiss and Gaylor 2005; Buratti and Testai 2007) and it has low to moderate acute mammalian toxicity (US EPA 2006). Like other OPs, dimethoate’s activity in the target species is manifested by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (Lucier and Menzer 1970; Reiss and Gaylor 2005). AChE plays a role in neurotransmission and hence dimethoate is regulated based on its potential to cause inhibition of the enzyme.
Anti-colchicine Fab fragments prevent lethal colchicine toxicity in a porcine model: a pharmacokinetic and clinical study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Michael Eddleston, Nicolas Fabresse, Adrian Thompson, Ibrahim Al Abdulla, Rachael Gregson, Tim King, Alain Astier, Frederic J. Baud, R Eddie Clutton, Jean-Claude Alvarez
Unfortunately, oral colchicine dosing did not produce reliable PK or model poisoning well, likely due to variation in absorption of the colchicine from the anaesthetised pig gut. This variability was not noted in our previous studies of oral dimethoate organophosphorus insecticide toxicity [18], probably due to the lower toxicity of the insecticide and therefore much higher doses needed for poisoning (1000 mg/kg).