China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Pilocarpus
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Ronaldo dos Santos Sousa, Mahendra Rai, Chistiane Mendes Feitosa, Leiz Maria Costa Veras, Pedro Vitor Oliveira S. Furtado
In another study, the activity of aqueous, ethanolic extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride, extracted and isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus, on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. Pilocarpine hydrochloride showed the highest tick activity on larvae. These results suggest the possibility of using these extracts as acaricides (Castro et al. 2016).
Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Given the high efficacy of properly implemented bait treatments, it is important to note several inadequacies in how they are treated in some reviews, meta-analyses, and even policy decisions [114,117]. First, pest control interventions that target different pests are often grouped as “multicomponent interventions,” with the tacit expectation of equivalent outcomes with all pests. In fact, acaricides targeting house dust mites are not nearly as effective as baits targeting cockroaches, and it is nearly impossible to eradicate mite populations with pesticides alone. It is not surprising therefore that acaricide-based interventions have contributed little to allergen reductions and clinical outcomes. Second, the requirements in randomized controlled trials of blinding participants and study personnel, and of placebo controls, severely limit the number of studies included in reviews and meta-analyses. The requirement for randomized controlled trials, in itself, disqualifies many excellent entomological interventions on the effectiveness of innovative tactics for cockroach control. Blinding participants is clearly required when they are the target of the intervention. But the target of cockroach interventions is the pest population, not participants, and blinding, while useful, is neither practical nor useful if unbiased assessment tools (e.g., sticky traps) are used to quantify effectiveness. Finally, placebo treatments with baits lacking insecticide are ill-advised, because they supplement the home environment with highly palatable cockroach food that can unintentionally increase the pest population.
Tick Typhus
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Regular dipping of cattle in farms results in a notable reduction of ticks, but these soon acquire resistance to the acaricides in use and new formulas are constantly being sought to deal with this problem. For the present, the tick-borne rickettsial infections remain among the most frequent causes of acute febrile illness in most regions of the world.
Evaluation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by fenpyroximate in subchronic-orally exposed Wistar rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Imen Ayed-Boussema, Karima Rjiba, Hiba Hamdi, Asma M’nassri, Awatef Azzebi, Moncef Mokni, Salwa Abid
Acaricide is a pesticide formulated to restrain detrimental species of mites. The use of acaricides has increased considerably since the 1950s. From the worrying expanded fare-up of spider mites populations, neuroactive insecticides and organophosphorus were substituted by specific acaricides that act primarily or exclusively against mites. Different synthetic acaricides, targetting various physiological and biochemical targets, have been synthesised (Marčić et al. 2011). The majority of the new acaricides exercise their effects by disturbing the respiratory process. Mitochondrial complex I inhibitors called METI acaricides rapidly get popularity worldwide due to their great efficiency against both eriophyoid and tetranychid mites, long-lasting impact, and quick knockdown effect. Moreover, these compounds have short to moderate environmental persistence and low to moderate mammalian toxicity (Dekeyser 2005; Kramer and Schirmer 2007; Van Leeuwen et al. 2015).
A single subcutaneous administration of a sustained-release ivermectin suspension eliminates Psoroptes cuniculi infection in a rabbit farm
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Mengmeng Lu, Yunpeng Cai, Shizhuang Yang, Qiang Wan, Baoliang Pan
Under large-scale farming conditions or in situations where animals from different sources come into contact, there is the potential risk of introducing animals infected with mites. In these situations, newly introduced animals should be treated with an acaricide having prolonged activity before being mixed with animals in the farm. An extended protection period is also desirable when it is not possible to treat all animals in a large number of farms simultaneously, or to maintain treated and untreated animals under conditions of perfect isolation. Several long-acting formulations against Psoroptes mites have been developed. The first so-called long-acting formulations were oil-based preparations of 1% IVM that showed slow absorption and an extended persistence at high concentrations in the bloodstream and tissues of parasite localization, compared to the original formulations [11]. A long-acting injectable formulation of IVM for cattle was developed by Merial (IVOMEC® GOLD), which showed a high endectocide activity and provided an extended period of protection against infections with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes, ticks, P. ovis mites and tropical grubs [12–14]. Ivermectin-loaded biodegradable microparticles injected in dogs showed desirable drug release rates and good stability [15,16]. Ivermectin-loaded PLGA microparticles could prevent canine heartworm for at least 6 months [17]. However, none of these long-acting formulations were applied in the control of P. cuniculi in rabbits.
Intentional avermectin pesticide ingestion: a retrospective multicenter study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Yi-Kan Wu, Chia-Hau Chang, Jiun-Hao Yu, Kai-Ping Lan, Tzung-Hai Yen, Shu-Sen Chang, Chen-June Seak, Hsing-Yuan Chang, Hsien-Yi Chen
Avermectins are macrocyclic lactones, produced naturally through fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis [6]. They are commonly used as antiparasitics, pesticides, and acaricides. Avermectins can interact with invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, causing paralysis and death [7,8]. Mammals are less susceptible because of the protection afforded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [7,9]. Ivermectin was the first commercialized avermectin used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It has been widely administered in Africa to treat millions of onchocerciasis patients [10]. Other derivatives, including abamectin and emamectin, were later commercialized as pesticides or acaricides, or as antiparasitics for pets [11].