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Anesthetic Agents and Surgery during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used agent for inducing paralysis prior to intubation and the initiation of actual surgical procedures. An estimated 10–20 percent of patients may have lowered cholinesterase activity. Reduced cholinesterase activity pregnancy is part of the physiological changes during pregnancy. Therefore, pregnant patients usually require a lower dose of succinylcholine than non-gravid women do. Newborns may be exposed to sufficient drug to induce neuromuscular blockade, which will necessitate supportive therapy. Other common agents used for neuromuscular blockade are vecuronium bromide, pancuronium bromide, and atracurium besylate (Box 6.2). Succinylcholine is a depolarizing agent, while the other three neuromuscular blocking agents (vecuronium bromide, pancuronium bromide, and atracurium besylate) are non-polarizing.
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Cholinesterase functions in the exceptionally rapid metabolism of acetylcholine, reacting completely with that substance within a few microseconds (Wilson, 1951). Such rapid metabolism of acetylcholine maintains the very delicate balance necessary for the cholinergic aspects of the nervous system.
Phytotherapeutic Potential For the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Muhammad Akram, Atanu Bhattacharjee, Naveed Munir, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Anjum, Abida Parveen, Samreen Gul Khan, Muhammad Daniyal, Muhammad Riaz, Fahad Said Khan, Rumaisa Ansari, Umme Laila
Galantamine is derived from members of the family Amaryllidaceae, which contain galantamine in crude bulb extracts that can be used to treat AD (Ott and Owens 1998). Galantamine, which is obtained from daffodils in Europe, is an important alkaloid which has anticholinergic activity. It acts on the receptors of cholinesterase. If galantamine is given for six months at a dose of 24 mg/d, it enhances the short-term memory, with this alkaloid being very effective for the treatment of AD (Akhondzadeh, Sabet et al. 2010).
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
The study that analyzed the healthy population of Serbia determined that normal values of AChE and BuChE in blood were 8090.6 ± 1976.7 IU/L and 14556.6 ± 4078.1 U/L, respectively (Zlatković et al.2017). In this study, as well as in studies by other researchers, there is a clear correlation between the degree of inhibition of AChE and BuChE and the severity of the poisoning (Reddy et al.2020). Although the values of cholinesterase activity strongly correlate with the clinical presentation, severity, and outcome of the poisoning, in practice significant deviations are found more often than not. For example, a patient from this study who had the lowest value of AChE, only 160.00 IU/L, had a moderately severe poisoning and was released home completely recovered. From the clinical aspect, the degree and the duration of inhibition of AChE and BuChE is much more important for the length of treatment and supervision of the patient and not for reliable prediction of the outcome of the poisoning (Soliday et al.2010). There are significant individual differences in the values of AChE and BuChE. The availability of mobile devices for measuring the value of AChE (ChE mobile), would enable the measurement of values immediately in the field and better monitoring of response to therapy (Shihana et al.2019). BuChE inhibition significantly varies among the different OPPs. Values of BuChE are significant only when the OPP is known.
Shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels extract restores cognitive function, cholinergic and purinergic enzyme systems in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Adeniyi A. Adebayo, Temitope V. Popoola, Ganiyu Oboh
Activities of cholinergic neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and butyrylcholine) are regulated by cholinesterases. Cholinergic system in the central nervous system (CNS) are widely known to play crucial roles in the cognition and memory process (Marisco et al.2013, Hashimoto et al.2014). Studies have related impaired cholinergic system to dementia and other cognitive-related disorder, thus implicating the central cholinergic neurons in the cognitive process (Schliebs and Arendt 2006, Marisco et al.2013, Hashimoto et al.2014, Akinyemi et al.2017). A decrease in (essential) neurotransmitters level causes loss of dissemination of information from the brain and to other parts of the body which results in cognitive impairment. The result revealed that shaddock peels extract administration ameliorated memory dysfunction in scopolamine-treated rats as observed by an improvement of the cholinergic neurotransmitters through inhibition of cholinesterase (AChE and BChE) activities. AChE and BChE inactivate the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and are thus viable therapeutic targets in cognitive disorder (Schliebs and Arendt 2006). ACh is a neurotransmitter release from cholinergic neurons, and it has been implicated in cognitive and behavioral functions that are widely disturbed in cognitive-related disorders (Soreq and Seidman 2001, Thanvi and Lo 2004).
Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) extract: phytochemical characterization, acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Camille Gaube Guex, Gabriela Buzatti Cassanego, Rafaela Castro Dornelles, Rosana Casoti, Ana Martiele Engelmann, Sabrina Somacal, Roberto Marinho Maciel, Thiago Duarte, Warley de Souza Borges, Cínthia Melazzo de Andrade, Tatiana Emanuelli, Cristiane Cademartori Danesi, Euler Esteves Ribeiro, Liliane de Freitas Bauermann
Serum cholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase can be found in the central and peripheral nervous system and in the liver. Decreased enzyme activity is observed when hepatocellular impairment occurs, since it is synthesized in the liver, which makes it an important biochemical marker of organ damage (Santarpia et al. 2013). Our experiment showed no significant differences between groups, indicating no organ damage. The liver plays an essential role in lipid metabolism, stages of lipid synthesis and transportation, therefore, an abnormal lipid profile may be an indication of severe liver dysfunction (Ghadir et al. 2010). Ferreira et al. (2008) showed that another species of tucumã (A. vulgare) is composed of fatty acids, which may be involved in a reduction of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, as well as an increase of HDL concentration. In our study, treatment with CETP increased HDL levels of males and females and decreased LDL levels of males. Stearic acids are known to act moderately on reducing LDL levels and increasing HDL (Silva et al. 2018). Thus, the results found in this study may be important for future investigations on the use of tucumã extract to treat dyslipidemias, since stearic acid was shown to be present.