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Nardostachys jatamansi (Spikenard) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Mani Iyer Prasanth, Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Dicson Sheeja Malar, Tewin Tencomnao, Anchalee Prasansuklab, James Michael Brimson
Most of the current treatments that have any efficacy for Alzheimer's disease center around increasing acetylcholine in the brain by using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (McGleenon et al., 1999). Multiple in vitro screening studies have identified N. jatamansi extracts with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity (IC50 values 50 – 500 µg/ml) (Mathew and Subramanian, 2014; Mukherjee et al., 2007; Rahman et al., 2011).
Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
The characterisation of synaptic and neuronal loss across the brain with impairment in memory and cognition leading to dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat AD, which enhances cholinergic function and partially alleviates the symptoms. The competency of the stem cells in delivering the factors will modify the disease stages. Nerve growth factor (NGF) has resulted in advanced cell function, and memory restoration in animal models have also benefited a few patients (Ramakrishna et al. 2011).
Chemical and Functional Properties of Amazonian Fruits
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Elaine Pessoa, Josilene Lima Serra, Hervé Rogez, Sylvain Darnet
Genipap pulp extract showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. However, this effect is not associated with the antioxidant activity and should be related to the non-phenolic compound. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are essential in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease to elevate the levels of endogenous acetylcholine in the brain (Omena et al., 2012).
Design, synthesis and evaluation of quinoline-O-carbamate derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Hongsong Chen, Jing Mi, Sen Li, Zhengwei Liu, Jing Yang, Rui Chen, Yujie Wang, Yujuan Ban, Yi Zhou, Wu Dong, Zhipei Sang
The pathologic changes of AD are convoluted and multilayered, these abnormal changes include the low levels of acetylcholine (ACh), loss of synapses, neuroinflammation, aberrant accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomer, neurofibrillary tangles within neurons and elevated oxidative stress3. Presently, the primary therapeutic options for AD treatment are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, as well as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, memantine, which can improve memory and cognitive function to a certain extent but cannot halt or reverse the progression of this disease4,5. Due to the complexity of AD and the involvement of multi-systems in the process of AD, the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach, that is one molecule hits two or more AD-relevant complementary targets and produces synergistic effect on the disease network, has been developed in both symptomatic and disease-modifying efficiencies5,6.
Vitamins: a nutritional intervention to modulate the Alzheimer’s disease progression
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative event of the neurons, associated mainly with short-term memory deterioration and cognitive function deficits among older people. Alzheimer’s disease is known as the most prevalent and common cause of deaths in demented people. Worldwide more than 26 million in 20121 and 35 million in 2017,2 people were estimated to have Alzheimer’s disease, which indicates that the burden of the disease is day-by-day increasing worldwide, where there is no such a preventive treatment can combat this worsening condition. Present Alzheimer’s disease treating pharmacological agents are known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These medications prevent degradation of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) by inhibiting hyperactivity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (Figure 1) and retain neurotransmission. Memantine, an NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) receptor antagonist, is also used to prevent hyperactivity of NMDA receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Although these Alzheimer’s disease treating medications just have little symptomatic relief and they are unable to modulate the disease progression.3 In this sense, various non-medicinal inventions have applied that target several pathological markers for preventing the disease progression, improving the quality of life, and increasing the survival strength.
Therapeutic options in thymomas and thymic carcinomas
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
MG is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with TETs. While 24.5%–40% of patients with thymoma either present or are eventually diagnosed with MG, 15–20% of patients with MG have thymoma [26]. Although thymectomy is beneficial for the control of symptoms in MG, there is a risk for developing respiratory failure during surgery. NCCN guideline recommends that serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody levels should be checked when patients could have thymoma and that patients with MG should receive treatment by a neurologist prior to surgical procedure [21]. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are useful to relieve the symptoms. In addition, corticosteroids are the most common immunosuppressive treatment for MG and sometimes contribute to regression of thymoma as well [90]. Other immunosuppressive agents such as tacrolimus and azathioprine are used for refractory cases. If a myasthenic crisis develops, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins are sometimes used.