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The oesophagus.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Caustic fluids may be acids or alkalis, more commonly the latter and particularly caustic soda (NaOH) used for cleaning grease off cookers, etc. In some countries caustic soda is still sold in liquid form for this purpose. The danger is that this is often placed in used soft drinks bottles, and may be drunk mistakenly by children. The author has seen a few cases in the UK (many years ago) but when he visited a hospital in Spain 15 years ago there was almost a ward full of such children suffering from oesophageal bums and stricturing. Almost all had come from poor country villages. An example is shown in Illus. OES-CAUSTIC SODA.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A 43-year-old man accidentally splashed caustic soda in his right eye. The eye was immediately rinsed with water, and subsequently treated with atropine eye drops, corticosteroid eye drops and antibiotic ointment. Three months later, the patient received penicillamine eye drops, which caused severe edema and redness of the upper and lower eyelids. Because of corneal vascularization and ulceration, a cornea transplantation and lens extraction, with implantation of an artificial lens, was performed. Treatment with indomethacin, atropine and chloramphenicol eye drops seemed to cause an allergic reaction. Patch testing showed positive reactions to atropine sulfate 1% water and d-penicillamine 1%, 2.5% and 3% water (3). Twenty-one controls were negative.
Glycerine in Bar Soaps
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Soap is one of the oldest chemical substances known to man. Saponification, the most elementary way for manufacturing soap, was known as early as 2500 B.C. when Sumerians reported the preparation of soaplike substances by heating oils and an alkali ash rich in potassium carbonate. Soap was found in the writings of the Egyptians and Greeks primarily because of its medicinal properties. In the Middle Ages the art of soapmaking was carried on in Italy, France, and Germany; these early soap makers leached sodium and potassium carbonate from wood ashes and treated it with slaked lime as shown in Equation (1). They used the resulting caustic soda to
Unintentional poisoning from decanted toxic household chemicals
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Katharina von Fabeck, Audrey Boulamery, Corinne Schmitt, Mathieu Glaizal, Luc de Haro, Nicolas Simon
Three cases had a severe outcome (PSS 3). First, a 74-year-old man ingested one mouthful of a liquid drain cleaner, which was decanted into a water bottle by another person. It contained 18% caustic soda, 79% water and 0.037% ammonium hydroxide. He was evaluated for an irritation of the throat in a small hospital until his health deteriorated and required him to be transferred to the intensive care unit of the university hospital. Oxygen therapy was followed by a gastroscopy which revealed grade IIIa/b esophageal and gastric lesions (defined by the endoscopic classification of corrosive injuries [2]). He recovered after treatment with proton-pump inhibitors and left the hospital on day 8.
UV activation of hydrogen peroxide for removal of azithromycin antibiotic from aqueous solution: determination of optimum conditions by response surface methodology
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rouhollah Shokri, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Ali Akbar Babaei, Ehsan Derikvand, Ali Almasi
This experimental study was performed as batch on the synthetic sewage (Figure 1) containing the azithromycin antibiotic of more than 99% purity which was obtained from Merck Co., Germany, Safirazma Company of Iran. In this study, the effect of independent variables: (A) azithromycin concentration (2, 6, and 10 mg/L), (B) contact time (30, 45, and 60 min), (C) pH (3, 6, and 9), and (D) hydrogen peroxide concentration (2, 6, and 10 mg/L) on the efficiency of azithromycin removal in the UV/H2O2 was investigated through using the RSM and central composite design (CCD) (Mousavi et al. 2015). The experiments were performed in a 500 cc Pyrex container equipped with an 8-watt low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (Philips, Germany, Safirazma Company of Iran), 254 nm wavelength and 1.02mW/cm2 intensity covered in the pod quartz placed in the reactor center. The pH regulation was done using 1 normal caustic soda and sulfuric acid. To assess the azithromycin removal as response, 1 cm3 of 0.01 molar potassium permanganate solution and 1 cm3 of 0.1 molar potassium carbonate solution was initially added to a 10 cm3 sample. Then, they were mixed well and the solution was taken to volume using the distilled water. Ultimately, the absorption was read by the UV/VIS spectrophotometer (UV2100, Unico, America) at 547 nm wavelength (Jayanna et al. 2012). According to the interaction factor in three levels with four factors based on the central composite design (CCD), the total number of experiments in RSM was equal to 30 runs (6 central points, 6 repetitive points in the center, 9 axial points and 9 factorial points) (Table 1). The ANOVA analysis was done at 0.05 significance level, the azithromycin removal model was determined and the optimum operational conditions were processed. The charts were also plotted using the CCD (Godini et al. 2017).