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The Study of Drug Metabolism Using Radiotracers
Published in Graham Lappin, Simon Temple, Radiotracers in Drug Development, 2006
On occasions it is necessary to collect exhaled volatiles. If radioactivity is exhaled as 14CO2, then this can be trapped either by a solution of sodium hydroxide or in a mixture of 2-ethoxyethanol:ethanolamine (3:1 v/v). Although some laboratories use potassium hydroxide, others avoid it, as potassium exhibits a relatively high radioactive background. In small animal studies, particularly with the laboratory rat, metabolism cages can be designed for the total collection of exhaled air. A schematic showing a CO2 collection system is shown in Figure 3.4. The inlet to the cage is fitted with a device to absorb CO2, so as not to saturate the traps with atmospheric CO2. On the outlet of the cage there are two traps arranged in series. The first trap will efficiently retain 14CO2, and therefore the second trap should be devoid of radioactivity. If the first trap becomes saturated with exhaled CO2, then radioactivity will appear in the second trap. If radioactivity is found in the second trap in any appreciable quantity, then there is a chance that the whole trapping system became saturated and some 14CO2 was lost to the atmosphere. The total volume of each trap is recorded, and from the analysis of aliquots of known volume, the total radioactivity present in the traps can be calculated.
A comprehensive review on recent nanosystems for enhancing antifungal activity of fenticonazole nitrate from different routes of administration
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sadek Ahmed, Maha M. Amin, Sinar Sayed
T-T-NV was used clinically on patients suffering from tinea corporis and without a significant difference between them. Patients were divided into two groups receiving either the optimum formula or the marketed Miconaz® cream without any other simultaneous use of topical, systemic antifungal, systemic antihistamine, or systemic corticosteroid agent. Photographs of lesions were taken before treatment and after 4 weeks or complete improvement. For mycological examination, skin scrapings were collected then treated with 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) on a glass slide prior to its microscopic examination. The optimum formula revealed a higher antifungal activity compared to the marketed Miconaz® cream within 4 weeks. T-T-NV is the only formula that was tested on human patients (Albash et al., 2022).
Strategies to improve the diagnosis and clinical treatment of dermatophyte infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Although microscopic examination is performed to diagnose dermatophyte infections, potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to dissolve keratinaceous materials. The sensitivity of this simple and inexpensive diagnostic method, which has been in use for more than a century, is between 87% and 91%. Clinical samples for direct microscopic examination can be obtained easily as follows. The area with suspected fungal infection is first cleaned with a 70% alcohol swab to remove artifacts. Alcohol swabs are preferred, as the use of cotton during this cleaning process may induce artifacts. Multiple affected areas are scraped with a blunt scalpel (No. 15), and the sample obtained is carefully transferred to a slide. The active border of erythematous annular lesions is sampled from the roof of the vesicles or pustules. In patients with tinea capitis, hair is pulled using forceps or tweezers. Overall, this simple technique can often reveals further information; for example, in tinea capitis, the size and array of spores can provide clues to the genus of the dermatophyte that is present and, in unstained mounts, the presence or absence of pigmentation in hyphae is a helpful hint.
Investigation of the Demodex Lid Infestation with in Vivo Confocal Microscopy versus Light Microscopy in Patients with Seborrheic Blepharitis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Ceyhun Arici, Burak Mergen, Hrisi Bahar Tokman, Ayse Yildiz Tas, Edip Tokuc, Yesim Ozturk Bakar, Afsun Sahin
Several methods have been described for the detection of a Demodex infestation on eyelids. Light microscopic examination of randomly epilated eyelashes with cylindrical dandruff with 100% alcohol as a mounting agent is one of the widely used methods of diagnosis.7 The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a mounting agent was also specified as a powerful alternative.8,9 While alcohol stimulates the Demodex mites to move out of the eyelash follicle, KOH dissolves the keratin in the hair follicle and dandruff when used as a mounting agent. A comparison of these two mounting agents has not been studied. Recently, in vivo laser confocal microscopy (IVCM) has also been utilized with similar efficiency for the detection of mite infestation in several patient groups, with the exception of seborrheic blepharitis patients.10 Despite the fact that IVCM was shown to be better than light microscopy in detecting the number of mites, the superiority of either of these techniques remains debatable due to the limited number of studies.11 The difference between the efficiency of IVCM and light microscopic examination in the investigation of Demodex lid infestation in a specific group of blepharitis patients (i.e. seborrheic blepharitis, etc.) has not been evaluated until now.