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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
In feeds, furazolidone, an antibacterial agent against livestock diseases, and the related compounds carbadox, nitrofurazone, and ethopadate can be quantitated using an octadecylsilane analytical column and precolumn (100 x 2 mm) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-1% aqueous acetic acid (20:80) flowing at 1.5 ml/min through a detector set to 365 nm (280 nm for ethopabate). Typical contents of 0.005% were assayed in good agreement with a colorimetric method [481].
Giardia lamblia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Steven M. Singer, Jenny G. Maloney, Camila H. Coelho
Current giardiasis treatments cause a variety of side effects, treatment failures are common, and a considerable incidence of drug resistance occurs. Many drugs have been tested for a therapeutic approach against G. lamblia. Albendazole, quinacrine, metronidazole, nitazoxanide, and isoflavones are important drugs used in some studies involving drug resistance in giardiasis.19,150–161 Uzlikova and Nohynkova showed by flow cytometry analysis that sublethal drug concentrations of metronidazole affect the replication phase of the cell cycle of Giardia.162 Cells incubated with lethal drug concentrations lose the ability to adhere to a surface after few hours of incubation. A recent study of drug resistance in Giardia19 identified the minimum lethal concentrations of 28 drugs, and compared the results with metronidazole, the drug most used to treat giardiasis. Fumagillin, carbadox, and tioxidazole were able to eliminate metronidazole-resistant G. lamblia isolates. In the same studies, the authors evaluated the dose-dependent efficacy of fumagillin in a mouse model, and showed that the effective dose of fumagillin was much lower than that for metronidazole.
Dietary prophage inducers and antimicrobials: toward landscaping the human gut microbiome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Lance Boling, Daniel A. Cuevas, Juris A. Grasis, Han Suh Kang, Ben Knowles, Kyle Levi, Heather Maughan, Katelyn McNair, Maria Isabel Rojas, Savannah E. Sanchez, Cameron Smurthwaite, Forest Rohwer
Prophage induction in gut bacteria may result in the horizontal transfer of genes to other bacterial strains or species. For example, prophages that encode Shiga exotoxin are induced by prophylactic antibiotics, like carbadox, and are known to move these exotoxins between E. coli strains in cattle.19 Prophage induction can also alter the relative abundances of bacteria species/strains. This can lead to dysbiosis if pathogens fill the niche generated by lysed commensals. For example, benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide in cigarette smoke induces multiple prophages that lyse beneficial lactobacilli, thereby enabling anaerobic pathogens to persist and cause bacterial vaginosis.16 Different foods and diet types are associated with varying microbiome compositions20 and may shift gut community composition.3,21,22 Thus, there is strong evidence that many common food and/or environmental compounds alter gut community composition, sometimes through prophage activation.
Omics of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2019
Vladislav M. Chernov, Olga A. Chernova, Alexey A. Mouzykantov, Leonid L. Lopukhov, Rustam I. Aminov
It is possible to reveal the genetic and metabolic potential of novel antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes on the basis of genomes or genomic fragments assembled from metagenomic analyses of microbial communities [31]. An important component of microbial communities is the virome, which affects the population density of cellular organisms and, via transduction, provides horizontal gene transfer (HGT), including transfer of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance. For example, using WGS, Haaber, and others [32] demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus prophages (φ11, φ12, and φ13) are capable of transferring genes encoding resistance towards erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline between cells in the population. The transfer process occurs spontaneously, and the authors called it ‘auto-transduction’. Bearson and others [33] demonstrated that HGT by prophages in a population of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can be induced by carbadox. HGT included chromosomal or plasmid DNA fragments carrying resistance genes against kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Both genomic and metagenomic data indicate the significant role played by phages in the acquisition and maintenance of antimicrobial resistance genes in microbial communities.
Combination of oxytetracycline and quinocetone synergistically induces hepatotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of mitochondrial pathway
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Lirui Hou, Fang Liu, Chong Zhao, Lihong Fan, Hongbo Hu, Shutao Yin
Quinocetone (QCT) is an antibacterial agent of the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide family. It is widely used in China as an alternative to carbadox and olaquindox, for the prevention of bacterial infections and promotion of animal growth, however, its abuse causes a potential threat to human health (Ihsan et al. 2013; Liu and Sun 2013). QCT has been shown to be genotoxic, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic (Wang et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2013; Yu et al. 2014).