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Gateways of Pathogenic Bacterial Entry into Host Cells—Salmonella
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Balakrishnan Senthilkumar, Duraisamy Senbagam, Chidambaram Prahalathan, Kumarasamy Anbarasu
Salmonella, a gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, nonsporing bacteria, belongs to the member of Enterobacteriaceae family, causing gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and multisystemic fatal infections. Initially the genus Salmonella consists of two species namely S. bongori and S. enterica (Porwollik et al. 2004). S. enterica, the enteric pathogen, is further classified with six subspecies (S. enterica subsp. enterica, S. enterica subsp. salamae, S. enterica subsp. arizonae, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae, S. enterica subsp. indica, and S. enterica subsp. houtenae) and more than 2600 serovers (Porwollik et al. 2004; Guibourdenche et al. 2010). Salmonella pathogens can survive in the GI tract of various animals including human and birds. However, the enteric fever causing Salmonella serotypes and the disease-causing pathogens spread from asymptomatic human carriers via feces and contaminated food and water. Based on agglutination properties of their outer membrane protein antigens such as somatic O, flagellar H and capsular Vi, they are commonly classified (Guibourdenche et al. 2010). Most of the Salmonella human infections are due to strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Now its nomenclature is established on the basis of serotypes name belonging to subspecies. In case of Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Typhimurium is edited to Salmonella Typhimurium (Brenner et al. 2000).
Bacteria and Bioactive Peptides
Published in Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam, Understanding Cancer Therapies, 2018
Ameer Khusro, Chirom Aarti, Paul Agastian
In spite of significant anticancer activity of several bacterial strains, Salmonella sp. is known to play considerable role as an anticancer agent, including direct attachment, invasion, and destruction of tumor cells. Bacteria act as antigens for the production of antibody to specific tumor components. Salmonella enterica strains are facultative intracellular enteric pathogens that can produce localized enteritis and disseminated systemic disease in humans and a variety of other vertebrates (Ohl and Miller 2001). The bacterium is also pathogenic to a variety of domestic and wild animals. The bacteria initially infect the intestinal tract and cause widespread destruction of the intestinal mucosa. In addition to this, Salmonella strains can also produce serious and fatal infections with considerable cytopathology in a number of systemic organs using specific virulence mechanisms to induce host cell death. Salmonella rapidly disseminate to systemic organs of the reticuloendothelial system by a mechanism dependent on CD18-positive cells (Vazquez-Torres et al. 1999). The bacteria attach to the intestinal epithelial cells and induce uptake of the bacteria into specialized membrane-bound vesicles called Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) (Knodler and Steele-Mortimer 2003), which requires the function of a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) locus (Galan 2001).
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove
Subsequently, there has been the emergence of strains resistant to chloramphenicol, AMP, and AMOX (see section 2b, Emerging resistance and cross-resistance), and in some parts of the world also to cotrimoxazole. One of the fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, or a third-generation cephalosporin, such as ceftriaxone, is often recommended to treat typhoid fever, although resistance to these agents is also appearing (see Chapter 101, Ciprofloxacin). The diagnosis and management of Salmonella enterica infections has been recently reviewed by a number of authors (Butler, 2011; Tatavarthy et al., 2014; Crump et al., 2015). Overall, traditional first-line drugs such as chloramphenicol, AMP, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are now generally ineffective, and fluoroquinolone resistance has emerged. The latter being linked to chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and by plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal salmonella strains. Where fluoroquinolone resistance is common, azithromycin appears to be effective for the management of uncomplicated typhoid fever (Crump et al., 2015).
Integrated Profiling of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Genomes, Proteomes and Metabolomes Revealed Small Molecules with Differential Growth Inhibition of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Petronella R. Hove, Nora Jean Nealon, Siu Hung Joshua Chan, Shea M. Boyer, Hannah B. Haberecht, Elizabeth P. Ryan
The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate used in this study was collected from the human intestinal tract at Washington State University in 2010 and provided as a generous gift from Dr. Sangeeta Rao, Colorado State University. The AMR E. coli and K. oxytoca isolates were collected from environmental water samples in Northern Colorado using published methods (13). Briefly, water samples were collected using sterile Pyrex wide-mouth storage bottles which were immediately placed on ice and kept in a light-sensitive container until analysis approximately 1 h following sample collection. Water samples were diluted into CHROMagar-ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) and CHROMagar-KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) (DRG Diagnostics, Springfield, NJ) media to identify and isolate individual colonies. Isolated colonies were incubated in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C for ∼18 h. Colony identities were made to species-level using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight analysis (MALDI) on a VITEK-MS machine (Biomerieux, Durham, NC).
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients: a single center experience and factors that influenced patient prognosis
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2019
Melahat Melek Oguz, Gurses Sahin, Esma Altinel Acoglu, Emine Polat, Husniye Yucel, Fatma Zehra Oztek Celebi, Hilal Unsal, Meltem Akcaboy, Eyup Sari, Saliha Senel
HLH has been typically triggered by viral infections, but pyogenic infections may also be the cause.[15] In our study, two patients were diagnosed with brucellosis. Zoonotic diseases are an important cause of HLH. In the literature, Brucella-induced HLH cases were reported rarely among children.[16,17] Both of the Brucella cases in our study presented with HLH. When we were investigating the HLH etiology, the Brucella agglutination test was found to be positive. In patients with secondary HLH, especially in the endemic areas, taking into account brucellosis as a predisposing factor is vital. Treatment of HLH with steroids and/or chemotherapy agents induces inherent risks during a systemic brucellosis. Typically, HLH is cured after appropriate treatment of Brucella infection.[16] One of the other triggering pyogenic infections was S. typhi. In that patient’s blood and stool cultures, Salmonella enterica was observed. In a previous study in India, 2 of 30 HLH patients had typhoid fever as the underlying cause.[18]
Inhibition and eradication of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm using P22 bacteriophage, EDTA and nisin
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Fatma Neslihan Yüksel, Sencer Buzrul, Mustafa Akçelik, Nefise Akçelik
Salmonella, which has more than 2,500 different serovars, is a pathogenic microorganism that often causes foodborne diseases. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the main serotypes causing food poisoning and infections in humans all over the world (EFSA 2012). Salmonella contamination in food and food additives is a major problem globally and this increases the risk of Salmonella infection in animals and in individuals who consume food of animal origin (Crump et al. 2002). This bacterium can also contaminate other foods such as fruits and vegetables (Amrutha et al. 2017). Salmonella can form biofilms on biotic surfaces such as host epithelial cells (Misselwitz et al. 2011; Ledeboer et al. 2006), gallstones (Prouty and Gunn 2003) or plant surfaces (Teplitski et al. 2009; Berger et al. 2010) and may also form biofilms on abiotic surfaces such as plastic, glass, rubber or stainless steel (Arnold and Bailey 2000; Joseph et al. 2001; Stepanovic et al. 2004; Chia et al. 2009). Colonized abiotic surfaces present in industrial areas or homes pose a risk for the contamination of food products. Bacteria in a biofilm are known to be highly resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics (Zogaj et al. 2001). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) formed by microorganisms in biofilms increase their resistance to antimicrobial agents which makes inhibition or eradication of biofilm difficult.