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The safety and quality of food
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Many different types of the Salmonella group are responsible not only for common food poisoning but also for the more serious food and water-borne illnesses typhoid and paratyphoid. The common food poisoning organisms usually need in excess of 100,000 bacteria to represent an infective dose. These latter organisms produce diarrhoea, stomach pain, vomiting and fever about 12–48 hours after ingestion and the illness lasts for between 1 and 7 days. Intensive farming methods and slaughtering practices mean that raw meat, poultry and raw milk should be regarded as potentially contaminated with these organisms. These organisms grow at temperatures between 6°C and 46°C. They are relatively heat sensitive and are killed slowly at 60°C and very rapidly at 75°C. They are not tolerant of very acid conditions i.e. pH less than 4.5.
Immunology (primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Stephan Strobel, Alison M. Jones
Supportive treatment focuses on management and prevention of the most common severe infections with Mycobacteria and non-typhoidal Salmonella species. INFγ is indicated in some patients. Trials with exogenous administration of recombinant IL-12 have been reported. Outcomes following SCT have not been favourable.
Reactive arthritis
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
In patients with recent diarrhea, stool cultures are obtained to test for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia. Serologic testing for enteric pathogens is generally not indicated because of the limited specificity of such testing [44].
Predictors of severe adverse outcomes in febrile neutropenia of pediatric oncology patients at a single institute in Thailand
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2020
Irene Suttitossatam, Wallee Satayasai, Phakatip Sinlapamongkolkul, Tasama Pusongchai, Paskorn Sritipsukho, Pacharapan Surapolchai
The most common clinical presentation was fever without localizing signs, and the most localized presenting symptom was diarrhea (8/16), with two cases having documented salmonella from stool cultures, followed by respiratory tract symptoms (6/16). There were nine febrile neutropenic episodes (9.5%), including two from leukemia (relapsed ALL and AML) and seven from lymphoma (high-risk Hodgkin’s lymphoma and advanced-stage non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), in which prophylactic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) had been administered during high intensity chemotherapy, and 16 episodes (16.8%) with indwelling central venous catheter insertion. This included six cases of tunneled catheter insertion or peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and ten cases of non-tunneled and unknown catheter insertion. Median initial ANC was 180/mm3.
Prevention of enteric bacterial infections and modulation of gut microbiota with conjugated linoleic acids producing Lactobacillus in mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Mengfei Peng, Zajeba Tabashsum, Puja Patel, Cassandra Bernhardt, Chitrine Biswas, Jianghong Meng, Debabrata Biswas
Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli generally infect human gut intestine through consumption of contaminated foods and/or drinks.12–14 Once these Gram-negative enteric pathogenic bacteria arrive in host gut, their complex type III secretion systems are activated, enabling them to introduce effector proteins directly into cell cytoplasm. Series of pathogenesis through type III secretion systems induce systematic infections causing acute or chronic inflammation and other serious disorders in the host.15 However, such enteric illness is usually facilitated by compromised gut immunity and dysbiotic gut microbiota which provide those enteric bacterial pathogens with weakened colonization resistance.16 On the other hand, traditional antibiotic therapy has been found to lyse enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) which further increases the risk for hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a post infectious sequelae in the patients.17,18 In these situations, procommensal strategies by application of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can be considered as priority in prevention and treatment of such foodborne bacterial pathogen-induced enteric illness.13,19,20 With a promising scheme, it allows an establishment or recovery of the healthy enteric microbial ecosystem by introducing native, exogenous, or genetically engineered beneficial probiotics without inducing deleterious effects (like antibiotics) on human commensal gut bacteria.16,21
Evaluation of a multiplex gastrointestinal PCR panel for the aetiological diagnosis of infectious diarrhoea
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Christian Leli, Luigi Di Matteo, Franca Gotta, Daria Vay, Valeria Cavallo, Roberta Mazzeo, Simone Busso, Laura Carrabba, Andrea Rocchetti
All stool samples were collected during clinical activity in Cary-Blair transport medium and processed immediately after receipt. The standard operating procedure for stool culture in our laboratory, if not otherwise requested, is to search for Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp. To this aim, we plated an aliquot of the sample onto: Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, MacConkey agar, Hektoen enteric agar, campylobacter agar (Skirrow), salmonella-shigella agar and Rappaport Vassiliadis broth subcultured to salmonella-shigella agar after 24 hours of incubation at 42 °C (all media from Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD). All plates were incubated at 37 °C in ambient air, except campylobacter agar, held at 42 °C in microaerophilic environment, for two days before being reported as negative. If requested by the attending physician, also cultures for recovery of Yersinia spp. or Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli (STEC) O157 were set up, plating stool samples onto cefsulodin–irgasan–novobiocin agar (held at room temperature in ambient air) and sorbitol MacConkey agar (incubated at 37 °C in ambient air), respectively. Identification of the isolates was carried out using the VITEK 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France).