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Brazilian Medicinal Plant Extracts with Antimicrobial Action Against Microorganisms that Cause Foodborne Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Carissa Michelle Goltara Bichara, Johnnat Rocha Allan de Oliveira, Adilson Ferreira Santos Filho, Rafaela Cristina Barata Alves, Andrea Komesu, Mahendra Rai
In view of these data, it is important to disclose the characteristics of the main etiological agents responsible for these eating disorders reported worldwide. In this case, salmonellosis is a zoonosis caused by Salmonella spp. and is considered the most important cause of DOA in the world, with great significance for public health and high morbidity. This bacterium is Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and facultative anaerobic and its primary habitat is the gastrointestinal tract of man (Kottwitz et al. 2010; Mendonça et al. 2020). According to Appiah et al. (2020), who evaluated an outbreak of salmonellosis from 1989 to 2018 in 47 publications found reports of 45,215 cases in outbreaks that occurred in 25 countries. Similarly, in another study, between 1999 and 2008 in a state in Brazil, the authors reported that 286 outbreaks occurred, where 5,641 people were affected and 881 were hospitalized (Kottwitz et al. 2010).
SplenectomyFrom Prophylaxis to Treatment
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Splenectomized patients travelling to tropical countries may need to take extra precautions. They are more susceptible to malaria and babesiosis with overwhelming sepsis as a consequence, so they will need to be extra careful not to be bitten by mosquitos or ticks, and will need to be vigilant with their prophylaxis. Similarly, the risk of salmonellosis, often acquired through uncooked or undercooked food, is higher in this group of patients. Stand-by antibiotics with a broader spectrum may be wise when patients plan on these travels.
Chemical Leukoderma (Depigmentation)
Published in Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach, Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
Howard I. Maibach, Jorge R. Toro, Gerald A. Gellin, Leslie P. McCarty
The animal models are summarized in Table 1. The black guinea pig is a satisfactory choice for the study of chemically induced leukoderma. The hair and skin are black, and there are multiple anatomic sites. Problems encountered include limited supply, since they are not widely bred; limitations of space, since animals were housed individually; the need for shaving weekly; removal of test substance by shaking, rubbing, or chewing off; and frequent premature deaths of animals in the first 2 weeks in the laboratory due to respiratory and/or gastrointestinal infection. Up to 20% died in some lots received from commercial breeders. Salmonellosis affects some strains commonly.
Lactic acid bacteria: prominent player in the fight against human pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Ujjayni B. Saha, Sunil D. Saroj
Salmonella infection, commonly known as salmonellosis, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, making it a serious global public health issue. In poorer countries, the problem is exacerbated by polluted food and water, as well as poor sanitation [102]. Probiotics have been identified as a highly promising alternative therapeutic option for Salmonella infection since they are associated with fewer side effects and enhanced safety. As a result, a number of researchers have looked at the efficacy of probiotics in preventing Salmonella infection, as well as the processes involved [103] (Table 2). L. rhamnosus S1K3 enhances the transcription of genes encoding Toll-like receptors in Peyer’s patches (PPs). It alters cytokine levels, decreasing Salmonella levels in mouse faeces and inhibiting bacterial invasion of internal organs [104]. L. plantarum ZS2058 was reported to more successfully decrease Salmonella pathogenicity by raising propionic acid levels in faeces, mucin 2 synthesis in the rat colon, and activity through the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-22 and IL-23/IL-17 pathways. Tissue necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were lower in L. rhamnosus GG (LGG)-infected mice, indicating that L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) decreased gastrointestinal inflammation more efficiently. Furthermore, both ZS2058 and LGG restored interferon levels (INF), a cytokine that Salmonella inhibits, albeit in different ways [103] (Table 2).
Control of Salmonella Enteritidis on food contact surfaces with bacteriophage PVP-SE2
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Catarina Milho, Maria Daniela Silva, Luís Melo, Sílvio Santos, Joana Azeredo, Sanna Sillankorva
Foodborne bacteria continue to be a major cause of illnesses in humans around the world, causing severe threats to human health and safety. Two million deaths are estimated to occur annually due to illnesses related to contaminated food and water, according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2015). Hence, food safety constitutes an increasing worldwide public health concern, in which Salmonella remains one of the most common causes of reported food poisoning events (WHO 2015; European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2016). The disease caused by Salmonella, salmonellosis, is the result of ingestion of this bacterium, and it shows symptoms such as diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain that occur 12 to 72 h after consumption of contaminated food (CDC 2018a). The leading food sources identified for human salmonellosis are poultry products, in particular chicken products (Finstad et al. 2012; WHO 2018). During the different stages of food processing, from production to consumption, products are susceptible to cross-contamination, particularly in the case of poultry meat products (Grant et al. 2016). Improper handling by the consumer can also contribute to increased rates of infection (DuPont 2007).
Salmonella Typhi Associated Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Case Report and a Review of Literature
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Suchit D. Dadia, Rohit Ramesh Modi, Shruti Shirwadkar, Nayana A. Potdar, Chhaya A. Shinde, Akshay Gopinathan Nair
Risk factors for salmonellosis include gastric hypoacidity, recent use of antibiotics, extremes of age, and a variety of immunosuppressive conditions.19 Ten of the thirteen previously published cases had at least one of these risk factors present. Furthermore, recent hospitalization, which was present in the current case, and immunosuppressed states are also independent risk factors associated with endogenous endophthalmitis.20 In nearly half the cases of SAEE, the patients were one-year old or younger. The other immunocompromised conditions in which SAEE has been reported include chronic immunosuppression due to oral steroids and chemotherapy, HIV infection, premature birth, co-existing malaria, and anemia and also infancy,6–15 when the immune system is still developing.21 Out of all the reported cases of SAEE, it was noted that in four cases––the patients were immunocompetent. Furthermore, in three out of these four immunocompetent patients, the offending organism was S. typhi.