China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Animals in psychological research
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
Geyer and Markou (1995) make the point that in practice the phrase “animal models” has a diversity of meaning. Thus, with reference to animal models of psychiatric disorder, they state that:At one extreme one can attempt to develop an animal model that mimics a psychiatric syndrome in its entirety …. At the other extreme, one more limited purpose for an animal model is to provide a way to systematically study the effects of potential therapeutic treatments. (p. 787)
Intestinal Immune Adaptation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Many questions on the pathogenesis of NEC remain, in particular in regard to events that precede the disease onset. Whereas viral and bacterial pathogens have been largely excluded, changes in the bacterial composition of the microbiome preceding disease onset have been observed. Now, metagenomic, metabolomic, proteomic, and lipidomic analyses are required to specify the molecular changes associated with the altered bacterial microbiome and facilitate subsequent functional investigations. Moreover, further analyses of immunomodulatory breast milk components and the molecular analysis of the initiation and perpetuation of the immune activation at the immature mucosal tissue require further attention. Ethical concerns related to human studies warrant the parallel use of animal models despite the potential limitations of their applicability. Controlled prospective human studies are subsequently needed to test new interventional approaches, that is, the efficacy of new oral probiotics or the administration of defined breast milk components or molecules with known immunomodulatory activity.
Animal Selections in Orthopaedic Research
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman
Animal models provide important knowledge of pathological conditions that can eventually lead to the development of more effective clinical treatment of diseases in both humans and animals. Research using animal models acts as the bridge between in vitro studies (such as studies of protein adsorption, cell adhesion and toxicological tests) and human clinical trials. It is an essential research tool which is applicable for many biomedical projects.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Models for Pathophysiology and Regenerative Therapy -Benefits and Limitations
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yidian Wang, Jihe Kang, Xudong Guo, Daxue Zhu, Mingqiang Liu, Liang Yang, Guangzhi Zhang, Xuewen Kang
Different from the organ culture model, the animal model has a relatively complete physiological system, which can be used for long-term observation and biocompatibility test of potential treatment methods. However, it also increases the complexity of the experiment and is limited by ethics. The animal models of IDD should focus on a few problems. First, the model should simulate the chronic process of IDD as much as possible, with repeatability. Second, due to the differences in IVD cells and various molecules between different species, the labeling of some important processes and molecules is usually species-specific; therefore, attention should be given to their applicability to humans. Third, the differences in the spine and IVD anatomical structure not only lead to differences in biomechanics but also affect the nutrition supply of IVDs. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right animal species. At present, animal models can be divided into experimental-induced and genetic-related models. (Table 2).
Novel therapeutic targets for diabetes-related wounds or ulcers: an update on preclinical and clinical research
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Jonathan Golledge, Shivshankar Thanigaimani
Animal models are potentially valuable for discovering and testing novel treatments. Thus, an understanding of the available animal models is an important starting point for research in this area. Most animal studies modeling the effect of diabetes on wound healing and novel treatments have investigated nonischemic wounds in mice models of diabetes (see Table 1 for a summary of the methods commonly used). Diabetes has been modeled by a variety of approaches including streptozotocin or alloxan injection, high fat feeding, leptin or leptin receptor deficiency, and using nonobese diabetic mice [9–11]. Wounds have usually been created in these animals through excision of a full-thickness area of skin from their back [9]. In a small number of studies, the wound has been created on the paw or thigh of the animals [12–15].
Demystifying particle-based oral vaccines
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Pedro Gonzalez-Cruz, Harvinder Singh Gill
Although oral vaccines against many different diseases have been investigated (Figure 1B), most antigens fall into the model antigen category. These model antigens comprise OVA, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human serum albumin (HSA). These well-documented antigens are readily available, and this has led to their extensive use in testing new delivery systems. The top 5 diseases (besides model proteins [22–41]) researched with particle-based oral delivery systems are hepatitis B [42–49], cholera [50–56], norovirus [57–64], diphtheria [65–71], and E. coli infection [9,72–77] (Figure 1B). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the second most common disease investigated to make an oral vaccine. If successful, this could be a valuable oral vaccine since about 250 million people worldwide are infected with Hepatitis B, and it is the leading cause of liver cancer [78]. To carry out the in vivo studies, mice are the most commonly used species, and in particular, most articles have used BALB/c mice followed by C57BL/6 mice (Figure 1C) [9,51,54,57,58,60,66,67,70,73,79–109]. Rats, rabbits, cattle, pigs, macaques, and guniea pigs have also been used as animal models. Three human studies have been performed, and they have investigated vaccines against diphtheria and norovirus diseases [61,63,68].