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Piracetam
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
The effect of piracetam in certain types of experimental epilepsy has been variable. It can increase the threshold for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats (3). In rats kindled by injection of tetanus toxoid into the ventral hippocampus, however, it has no protective effect against myoclonic seizures through it does potentiate the effect of carbamazepine in experimental limbic epilepsy (4).
Behavioural pharmacology
Published in Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt, Calming the Brain: Benzodiazepines and related drugs from laboratory to clinic, 2020
Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt
Another aspect of the interaction between partial agonists and full agonists can be demonstrated in tests of anxiolytic activity, where synergy can be observed between submaximal doses of each drug (eg for DN 2327, Wada and Fukuda, 1991). The same is true for the anti-convulsant activity towards pentylenetetrazole (eg for abecarnil, Turski et al, 1990). This is again consistent with low levels of receptor activation being required for such behaviours.
EEG recording from the subthalamic nucleus in patients with epilepsy
Published in Hans O Lüders, Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy, 2020
Dudley S Dinner, Silvia Neme, Hans O Lüders
There is only limited evidence in the animal model that stimulation of the above structures could influence seizure threshold. However, there is extensive evidence in the animal model of epilepsy that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is implicated in the control of seizures. Lesions of the substantia nigra (SN),18 and also pharmacologic manipulation of the SN by injection of muscimol, a GABA agonist or gamma-vinyl GABA, which is a GABA transaminase inhibitor results in the suppression of seizures.19 Bilateral activation of the GABAergic transmission in the SN suppresses seizures in various animal models of epilepsy, including maximal electroshock, systemic or intra-cerebrally applied convulsants (bicuculline and pilocarpine), kindling and genetic absence seizures.20 Low dose pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures are also reduced by activation of the nigral control of epilepsy (NCE) system.20–22 In addition to the various animal models of generalized epilepsy, models of focal epilepsy have also been reported to respond to the activation of the NCE system including focal epilepsy induced by penicillin,23,24 and cortical 3–aminopyridine.25
The effect of duloxetine on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Many studies showed that some SSRI and SNRI antidepressants increased epileptiform activity in animal experimental epilepsy model [29,30]. There are many several reasons for the effects of SSRIs on epileptogenesis. It was demonstrated that in PTZ-induced clonic seizure model citalopram decreased seizure susceptibility at low rates while increasing it at higher rates [9]. A study showed that 10 mg/kg fluoxetine increased the proconvulsive effect of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. They suggested that inhibition by fluoxetine of some neuronal populations contributing to the local feedback mechanism controlling excessive epileptiform discharges within the hippocampus might lead to an increase in epileptic activity [8]. Two studies showed that SSRIs reverse the hippocampal neuronal maturation of a significant proportion of dentate granule cells into cells with immature neuronal properties [31,32] and these changes result in reduced mossy fibre synaptic facilitation from the dentate gyrus to CA3 region. This could have relevance for the spread of epileptic activity through the hippocampal circuitry.
The effect of Zataria multiflora hydroalcoholic extract on memory and lung changes induced by rats that inhaled paraquat
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Mahrokh Heydari, Amin Mokhtari-Zaer, Fatemeh Amin, Arghavan Memarzia, Saeideh Saadat, Mahmoud Hosseini, Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
The effects of Z. multiflora on learning, memory, and cognitive functions were mentioned in the traditional medicine [29]. The ameliorative effect of the plant’s essential oil on amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficits in rats using Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was also reported [30]. The protective effect of Z. multiflora on Alzheimer (learning and memory impairment due to ICV injection of Aβ) in rats was examined and it increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels [30]. The effects of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure attacks were also demonstrated [31].
Rapid oral transmucosal delivery of zaleplon–lavender oil utilizing self-nanoemulsifying lyophilized tablets technology: development, optimization and pharmacokinetic evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sarah A. Ali, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Khaled M. Hosny, Eman Alfayez, Deena M. Bukhary, Awaji Y. Safhi, Moutaz Y. Badr, Rayan Y. Mushtaq, Majed Alharbi, Bader Huwaimel, Mohammed Alissa, Sameer Alshehri, Ali H. Alamri, Taha Alqahtani
The therapeutic efficiency of ZP as a benzodiazepine-like agent has been documented. This is due to ZP’s interaction with the receptor of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA), preferentially at the α1β2γ2 subunit binding site, which is the benzodiazepine binding site in the central nervous system. Thus, it is also used as a strong anticonvulsant medication in pentylenetetrazole and electroshock-induced convulsions (Hosny et al., 2006; Abd-Elrasheed et al., 2018).