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An Introduction to the Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Shandesh Bhattarai, Christiane Mendes Feitosa, Mahendra Rai
Terrestrial plants, Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Myrrh (Commiphora species), and Poppy capsule latex (Papaver somniferum), were recorded from Mesopotamia in 2600 BC, and are still in use today (Newman et al. 2000). A semisynthetic derivative of glycyrrhizic acid found in licorice (i.e., Hemisuccinate carbenoxolone sodium) is recommended for gastric and duodenal ulcers (Dewick 2002). Furthermore, morphine, codeine, noscapine (narcotine), and papaverine isolated from P. somniferum were developed as single chemical drugs and are still used clinically (Dewick 2002). Codeine is an alkaloid prepared from Opium or morphine by methylation. Opium is an isoquinolone alkaloid obtained from poppy plant [Papaver somniferum]. Codeine is used as a pain reliever, and for cough suppression (Online Medical Dictionary 2007, Bhandari et al. 2011).
Drugs Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
Published in Radhwan Nidal Al-Zidan, Drugs in Pregnancy, 2020
Risk Summary: The use of Codeine should be avoided, if possible, in pregnant women because the pregnancy experience in humans has shown a low risk of congenital birth defects associated with the use of this drug. Furthermore, its use near delivery is associated with a risk of neonatal respiratory depression.
Opioids Analgesics and Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
R. Rachana, Tanya Gupta, Saumya Yadav, Manisha Singh
Codeine, a synthetic opioid analgesic, is a weak opioid. But, it has been reported to be very advantageous for suppressing cough. It is combined with non-opioid drugs for its uses. This drug has less sedation, reduced addiction, and respiratory depression if compared with morphine (Whittaker, 2013).
Employing telehealth strategies for opioid addiction during COVID-19: implications for social work health care
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2021
During the 1800s, with the invention of an injectable syringe and the synthesis of morphine, the drug was widely utilized in the United States during the Civil War to aid wounded soldiers. While the analgesic properties of the drug were used in pain management and anesthesia, the number of people abusing substances and developing addiction continued to grow. Several years after the introduction of morphine, French scientist Jean-Pierre Robiquet, developed codeine – a less potent substance – to use as medicine instead of opium. Codeine at the time was prescribed to treat minor pains and cough. Furthermore, in search of a less addictive substitute than morphine, scientists introduced heroin. Ironically, over time, heroin proved to be twice as addictive as morphine, causing more potential for abuse, overdose, and death (Project Muse, 1983).
Recent advances in the opioid mu receptor based pharmacotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Eleftherios Pelechas, Paraskevi V Voulgari, Alexandros A Drosos
Opioid misuse is the leading cause of fatal opioid overdoses [87]. Bradypnea, hypoxemia and decreased cardiac output are the main consequences. When opioids are combined with ethanol, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates, a potential opioid overdose may occur. Overdose, if diagnosed on time, may be reversed rapidly by the administration of opioid antagonists such as naloxone. In addition, breastfeeding mothers should avoid using codeine, which is a pro-drug of morphine, because infants are rapid metabolisers [88]. On the other hand, a big portion of patients with RA are elderly with renal impairment or being under treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among other medicines. In these patients, morphine could become toxic in renal impairment while tramadol in combination with SSRIs may develop seizures [89].
Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Chronic Refractory Cough
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Morphine is not affected by inter-individual variability in CYP2D6 metabolism, and thus its biological effects are more predictable than those of codeine. However, it is approximately 10 times more potent than codeine, and there are several safety concerns with its use, including respiratory depression, drowsiness, and addiction, depending on the dose [28]. Thus, morphine is mostly considered in patients with severe intractable cough. Morice and colleagues studied the antitussive effects and tolerability of a low-dose slow-release morphine therapy (5–10 mg b.i.d.) in patients with CRC. In a 4-week randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 27 patients with CRC, morphine treatment was associated with significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score (compared with the placebo; mean difference of 1.9; p < 0.02) and daily cough severity score (range 0–9; mean difference of −3.4 ± 1.8; p < 0.01) [6] (Table 1). The treatment was relatively well tolerated; the most common side-effects were constipation (40%) and drowsiness (25%), and none of the patients withdrew because of adverse events [6]. Similar to codeine, the effects of morphine were mostly observed within a week, but less than 50% of patients showed a good response [6].