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Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Importance of Glycyrrhiza glabra L
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Ashish K. Bhattarai, Sanjaya M. Dixit
Licorice has been used as an antitussive and expectorant herbal medicine for a long time. Cough is produced in different medical conditions, such as common cold, bronchitis, and other respiratory illnesses. Expectorants help to bring up mucus and other materials from the lung, bronchi, and trachea. The activities of 14 major compounds and crude extracts of licorice, using the classical ammonia-induced cough model and phenol red secretion model in mice was evaluated. Liquiritinapioside, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin at 50 mg/kg (i.g.) could significantly decrease cough frequency by 30–78% (p < .01). The compounds Liquiritinapioside, liquiritin, and liquiritigenin showed potent expectorant activities after 3 days of treatment (p < .05). The water and ethanol extracts of licorice, which contain abundant Liquiritinapioside and liquiritin, could decrease cough frequency at 200 mg/kg by 25–59% (p < .05). The result indicates liquiritinapioside and liquiritin are the major antitussive and expectorant compounds of licorice. Their antitussive effects depend on both peripheral and central mechanisms (Kuang et al. 2018). Glycyrrhizin is responsible for demulcent action of licorice. Liquiritinapioside, an active compound present in the methanolic extract of licorice, is found to inhibit capsaicin-induced cough (Kamei et al. 2003).
Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Considering the use of V. negundo in Ayurveda to treat respiratory disorders, Haq et al. (2012) carried out an investigation on its cough-relieving potential. The antitussive effect of the butanol extract of V. negundo on sulfur dioxide-induced cough was studied in mice. The safety profile of the extract was examined by observing acute neurotoxicity, median lethal dose and behavior. The extract dose-dependently inhibited the cough provoked by sulfur dioxide gas and exhibited maximum protection after 60 minutes of administration. At 1000 mg kg (−1), the extract caused maximum cough-suppressive effects. The LD50 value of V. negundo was found to be greater than 5000 mg kg (−1). Toxicity tests showed no signs of neural impairment and acute behavioral toxicity at antitussive doses. The extract was well tolerated at higher doses. This study demonstrated the antitussive effect of V. negundo devoid of toxicity.
Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Garima Verma, Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
Antitussives are the agents known to suppress cough. They are also termed as cough suppressants. They act by inhibition of a coordination region for coughing located in the brain stem, thereby disrupting the cough arc. Commonly used antitussive agents include dextromethorphan, benzonatate, etc. Those obtained from plants are given in Table 9.9.
AVP-786 as a promising treatment option for Alzheimer’s Disease including agitation
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Rita Khoury, Charlotte Marx, Sidney Mirgati, Divya Velury, Binu Chakkamparambil, George T. Grossberg
DM, the neurologically active component of dextromethorphan/quinidine binds to various receptors including sigma-1 receptors (Sig1-R) [36,37], N-methyl-D-asparate receptors (NMDAR) [38], α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, serotonin transporters (SERT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET) [39]. While DM has a similar structure to opioids, it does not show analogous activity at µ and δ opioid receptors [40,41]. Interestingly, DM has similar antitussive effects as codeine but does not have analgesic or addictive features [42]. There is also evidence of weak potential interactions of DM with adrenergic α1D receptors, rat calcium L-type channels, human adrenergic α1A receptors, and rat sodium channels [33]. Mode of action relative to the main receptors involved in neuropsychiatric disorders is presented below.
Anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and antitussive properties of Kyeongok-go in ICR mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Jin-Ryul Hu, Chul-Jong Jung, Seong-Min Ku, Dae-Hwa Jung, Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir, Sae-Kwang Ku, Jae-Suk Choi
Cough is defined as a forced expulsive manoeuvre, usually against a closed glottis and is associated with a characteristic sound (Morice et al. 2007). Cough can be the result of several respiratory tract disorders that may require drug treatment for relief. A patient's quality of life could significantly be affected by chronic cough (Birring et al. 2003). The intrapulmonary rapidly adapting receptor, RAR, a cough receptor causes or enhances the sensitivity to stimuli that result in a cough (Pavord 2004). RAR activation initiates bronchospasm and mucus secretion via parasympathetic reflexes (Dapaah et al. 2016). Cough can be described as non-productive (dry) or productive (chesty) (Dapaah et al. 2016). Antitussives are effective in managing a non-productive cough but are not as effective at alleviating a productive cough, except when the antitussive has expectorant properties (Dicpinigaitis and Gayle 2003; Sanak 2016; Woloski et al. 2016). Therefore, it is thought that drugs with simultaneous anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and antitussive activities are protective against various respiratory disorders (Li et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2012; Yu et al. 2015). Recently, several pharmacological agents were shown to have both antitussive and expectorant effects making them useful for the treatment of both a chesty and a dry cough (Dicpinigaitis and Gayle 2003). The importance of this dual effect is affirmed using both antitussives and expectorants in pharmaceutical formulations (Dapaah et al. 2016).
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dextromethorphan: clinical and forensic aspects
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Ana Rita Silva, Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
Therefore, DXM is chemically an opium alkaloid derivative but since it does not act pharmacologically at opioid receptors, it is not an opioid and does not have analgesic, euphoriant, and respiratory depression effects, such as codeine and morphine (Bem and Peck 1992; Jasinski 2000; Pechnick and Poland 2004). In other words, DXM and DXO, both dextrorotatory enantiomers, are non-opioid opium alkaloid derivatives. Racemethorphan is the racemic mixture composed by the two enantiomers DXM and levomethorphan (Wong and Sunshine 1996). Racemorphan or morphanol refers to the racemic mixture of DXO and levorphanol, both with pharmacological and toxicological effects similar to their correspondent methyl ether derivatives (Aumatell and Wells 1993). This enantiomeric behavior is characteristic of other opioids. Indeed, dextrorotatory opioids have very different pharmacological profiles than their levorotatory isomers. Unlike the levorotatory opioids, dextrorotatory generally have little or no affinity to the mu (MOR; µ), delta (DOR; δ), or kappa (KOR; Κ) opioid receptors, and thus do not carry the same abuse and addiction potential as their levorotatory enantiomers (Sromek et al. 2014). Dextrorotatory enantiomers typically act as weak to moderate noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists and have affinity to the σ1 and α3β4 nicotinic receptors (Glick et al. 2001). Both dextrorotatory and levorotatory opioids have antitussive properties.