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Anxiety
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
CBD has been gaining in popularity for many conditions, and early research is promising regarding its ability to help relieve anxiety. CBD can be derived from both hemp and marijuana plants. Hemp has been cultivated for many years and used to make clothing and various fiber products. However, because hemp and marijuana both come from cannabis plants, there is much confusion about the difference between the two compounds. So, what are the facts? The cannabis plant has several varieties, which contain different compounds called cannabinoids. CBD is a cannabinoid, as is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).THC is a psychoactive compound—it is the stuff that gets you high.CBD products derived from hemp are a particular variety of the cannabis plant. They contain less than 0.3% THC and do not have any psychoactive effects. They are legal federally, but still illegal under some state laws.Marijuana is derived from varieties of the cannabis plant that contain much higher and varying amounts of THC. Marijuana is illegal federally, but legal under some state laws.
Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetes
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Monika Elżbieta Jach, Anna Serefko
C. sativa alkaloids (endocannabinoids) are well-known exogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R) belonging to the group of membrane receptors coupled to protein G (Simonienko et al., 2018). Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) represent the endocannabinoid system, which plays an indispensable role in regulating energy balance, appetite, insulin sensitivity, the function of pancreatic β-cells, and lipid metabolism (Kim et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012; Pacher et al., 2006; Pagotto et al., 2006). Endogenous ligands (e.g., CB1Rs) occurring in peripheral tissues are involved in energy homeostasis, e.g., in adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Activation of CB1R attenuates insulin function and secretion from the pancreas, reduces insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscles, and promotes lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue. Peripheral and central CB1Rs are activated via Δ9-THC (Kim et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012; Osei-Hyiaman et al., 2005; Pacher et al., 2006; Pagotto et al., 2006). Hence, the antagonism of CB1R reduces body weight, improves dyslipidemia, and attenuates insulin resistance in humans (Després et al., 2005; Triay et al., 2012).
Pharmacological interventions
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Cannabis is a naturally occurring plant, which consists of over 60 active cannabinoids and the best-known, THC (tetrahydracannabinol), is the main psychoactive substance. Naturally occurring cannabis grows, and has been used, across the world medically and recreationally for thousands of years. More recently hybridised, intensively grown cannabis, has been produced, with the aim of increasing the effects of the cannabinoids. However, this has made the effects stronger and more likely to trigger concerns about users’ mental health (NICE, 2011b). There are extensive studies on the relationship between cannabis and mental health, but, with regard to medical treatment, there is no pharmacological intervention that assists with managing cannabis detoxification or withdrawal. Heavy use of high-potency cannabis may cause an acute toxic psychosis. In this situation, anti-psychotic medication may be used to reduce psychotic symptoms, acute anxiety and agitation. Long-term use may cause chronic, persistent paranoid symptoms. People who present with these symptoms require careful follow-up through general mental health services or by an early intervention psychosis team. However, young people are at risk of being lost to follow-up, as they are often at a transitional age between mental health services for children and adolescents and those for adults, and, therefore, paranoid symptoms may be overlooked, neglected, masked or hidden.
Endocannabinoids and addiction memory: Relevance to methamphetamine/morphine abuse
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Mirmohammadali Mirramezani Alizamini, Yonghui Li, Jian-Jun Zhang, Jing Liang, Abbas Haghparast
Cannabidiol (CBD) is an exogenous cannabinoid without psychostimulating activity, with potential therapeutic effects on opioid addiction. However, it is unclear whether CBD has therapeutic effects on METH-induced motivational effects (Yang et al. 2020). It was previously reported that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CBD hindered the acquisition phase of CPP was induced by METH injection (Anooshe et al. 2021), and the reinstatement of METH-induced CPP was impaired by CBD intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration (Karimi-Haghighi and Haghparast 2018). Moreover, it was demonstrated that the extinction latency of METH during the CPP paradigm was shortened, and the reinstatement was suppressed by i.p. injection of SB366791 (SB), a selective vanilloid receptor (TRPV) type1 antagonist, or capsazepine (CPZ), a synthetic antagonist of capsaicin which is used as a biochemical tool in the study of TRPV ion channels (Tian et al. 2018). In this regard, rimonabant, an inverse agonist of CB1R, also was reported to reduce the extinction period (Chye et al. 2019).
Emerging drugs for the treatment of bladder storage dysfunction
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
Cannabinoids has been tested mainly in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In an open-label pilot study Brady et al. [101] reported that MS patients could have a positive effect on LUTS. A few other open label and placebo-controlled studies showed that oral treatment with cannabinoid modulators may reduce NDO. A significant decrease in urinary urgency, the number and volume of incontinence episodes, frequency, and nocturia has been demonstrated after administration of whole plant cannabis extracts containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and/or cannabidiol to patients with advanced MS and severe LUTS [102–104]. In the CAMS trial [103], 630 patients received 4–10 capsules (depending on body weight) of either placebo, a cannabis extract containing 1.25 mg of cannabidiol (CBD), or 2.5 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for 13 weeks. Based on 3-day voiding diaries, placebo, extract and THC reduced number of incontinence episodes by 18%, 38%, and 33%, indicating a 25% and 19% reduction relative to placebo (p = 0.039). Among secondary outcome parameters, pad tests were also improved by the extract and THC relative to placebo, whereas urodynamic tests and the King’s Health questionnaire were not. The symptomatic improvement was not well reflected urodynamically. Side effects with cannabinoids, such as dizziness, light-headedness, attention deficit, fatigue, and disorientation have been reported and are an obvious disadvantage with exocannabinoid therapy.
Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of cannabinoid products in chronic pain conditions and for symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis: what do they tell us?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Carlos Vila Silván, Claude Vaney, Igor Dykukha
Identification of the endocannabinoid system in the late 1980s, a better understanding of the chemical composition of cannabis, introduction of pharmaceutical-grade products, and progressive legalization and acceptance of cannabis for medical use in many world regions are factors that led to a surge of scientific interest in the potential uses of cannabinoids in modern medicine. Many of the studied applications of cannabinoids are in therapeutic areas such as neurology and chronic pain where conventional treatments are unsatisfactory and new options are highly welcomed. However, the vast array of cannabinoid products, and lack of in-depth knowledge about their respective pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, can be confusing for clinicians, possibly denying suitable patients the opportunity to experience better symptomatic relief and quality of life.