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Substance Abuse
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Christine Osborne, Sarah K. McQuillan
Some studies have suggested that cannabinoids could be a promising treatment for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis, and dysmenorrhea.Interactions of the endocannabinoid system, which may decrease inflammation, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain.Evidence remains insufficient to support the effectiveness of the use of cannabinoids for pain conditions in children and adolescents.
A Functional Approach to Gynecologic Pain
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Bladder dysfunction can present more obviously with irritative voiding symptoms, but interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is more common in women than men and can be a source of debilitating pain with a significant impact on quality of life.60 IC/BPS is a frequent comorbidity of endometriosis in women with chronic pelvic pain,61 as well as other chronic pain syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, vulvodynia, and fibromyalgia.62 There are usually varying degrees of pain or discomfort with filling of the bladder, relieved by voiding. The symptoms are often gradual in onset and may have begun after a triggering event, such as a urinary tract infection, bladder catheterization, or a fall. The pathogenesis is not well-understood, but, similar to endometriosis, there is a neurologic upregulation of pain sensation. Central sensitization and increased activation of bladder sensory neurons during normal bladder filling may result in bladder pain; the increased sensitivity is present both in the bladder itself, and in increased activity and new pathways within the central nervous system.63 Again, the endocannabinoid system is emerging as integral to the processing and regulation of these pathways, and may hold a key in the management of these chronic pain syndromes.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurocognitive Disorders
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Cannabis, or marijuana, is very commonly used by adolescents and may adversely affect the endocannabinoid system, which plays a vital role in neural maturation during adolescence. The endocannabinoid system includes endocannabinoids or types of neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor proteins. The system is important in many processes, including memory, learning, and cognition, but in adolescence is particularly important in neural development and maturation.4 Cannabis use during this time can disrupt this system. Animal studies have shown that cannabis use can impact emotional reaction, anxiety, and depression and can have long-term effects on learning and memory.4 A review of human studies indicated long-term effects of both chronic and acute cannabis use, including psychotic disorders, cognitive malfunction, mood disorders, and increased substance abuse.4 Cannabis use has been shown to impact many parts of the brain, including prefrontal, medial, temporal, and striatal regions, and chronic use can double the risk for developing schizophrenia.53
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
The endocannabinoid system is a complicated biological system involved in regulating movement, mood, memory, appetite, fertility, pain, and physiological homeostasis. It consists of cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are active throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Two endogenous molecules that activate the endocannabinoid system have been found. The first, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), occurs in peripheral tissues, while anandamide (Sanskrit for ‘supreme joy’) is a neurotransmitter. The psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), mimics the actions of anandamide, whereas the main therapeutic component of cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), mimics 2-AG (Mechoulan & Parker, 2013). Data from the past 20 years indicates that the endocannabinoid system plays a role in modulating the human sleep-wake cycle and can play a part in the decrease in sleep disturbance or insomnia through the restoration of sleeping and dreaming through the regulation of how this occurs is not yet fully understood (Kesner & Lovinger, 2020; Prospéro-García et al., 2016).
The potential role of cannabinoids in dermatology
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Tabrez Sheriff, Matthew J. Lin, Danielle Dubin, Hooman Khorasani
Endocannabinoids are produced endogenously and together with their receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), comprise the endocannabinoid system (3–5). CB1 and CB2 are G-protein coupled receptors. CB1 is associated with the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids and is highly concentrated in the central nervous system and, to a lesser extent, in peripheral tissues (5,7). CB2 is associated with the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids and is expressed mostly in peripheral organs like the spleen and in cells of the hematopoietic lineage (5,7–9). THC is a well-known plant-based cannabinoid that binds strongly to CB1 (Figure 1). Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid from the cannabis plant that differs slightly from THC structurally and has demonstrated a role in modulating cell-induced death (5). Endocannabinoids or endogenous cannabinoids such as Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachiodonoylglycerol (2-AG) are derived from cell membrane phospholipids and are the natural ligands for CB1 and CB2 (5).
Evaluation of COMT (rs4680), CNR2 (rs2501432), CNR2 (rs2229579), UCP2 (rs659366), and IL-17 (rs763780) gene variants in synthetic cannabinoid use disorder patients
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2020
Sacide Pehlivan, Hasan Mervan Aytac, Selin Kurnaz, Mustafa Pehlivan, Pinar Cetinay Aydin
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating many physiological processes including neurotransmission, immune response, pain perception, and appetite. While it has previously been shown that CNR1 variants are linked with addictions to cannabis, alcohol, and other drugs, few groups have examined the role of CNR2 in psychiatric disorders.13,14 In the present study, the distribution of CNR2 (rs2229579) genotypes in patients with SCUD was significantly different from the control group. The participants carrying the TT genotype or the T allele had a higher risk of developing SCUD. Kurnaz et al. previously reported that the CNR2 (rs2229579) variant affects susceptibility to SUD.13 Additionally, Ishiguro et al. showed a link between the cannabinoid CB2 receptor variant (rs2501432) and AUD in the Japanese population.15 In their review article, Onaivi et al. reported that neuropsychiatric disorders are related to variants of the CNR2 gene and investigated the increased risk of schizophrenia, depression, eating and autism spectrum disorders, and drug addiction in low CNR2 function.16