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Scientific, Legal, and Regulatory Considerations for Cannabidiol
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Jay Manfre, Rick Collins, Marielle Kahn Weintraub, Robert E.C. Wildman
Several studies of both the endocannabinoid system and endogenous cannabinoids have revealed their involvement in numerous physiological processes, including appetite,17 pain sensation, control of chronic pain,18–20 and regulation of immune cell functions.21 Endocannabinoid compounds, such as cannabidiol, have been shown to modulate various disease pathology and movement disorders.22–24There is little research available on the direct effects of CBD supplementation in conjunction with exercise in human subjects; however, it has been suggested that the endocannabinoid system partakes in adaptive responses to exercise. One theory of this adaptation is evident by the activation of the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, during exercise.25 Anandamide acts as a vasodilator, leading to hypertension and facilitating blood flow. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that both endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids can act as bronchodilators,26 affecting the respiratory system and therefore possibly facilitating breathing during exercise. The degree to which endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoidsncrease regenerative properties, such as “healthy bone, tendon, ligament, muscular and connective tissue integrity27 is still being researched However, Dr. Hector Lopez theorizes how hemp-derived CBD products may help balance and optimize ECS physiology27. The addition of a CBD extract product may reduce anxiety levels, increase quality sleep, and contribute to an optimized diet.
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Because of the variance of strength of cannabis and the means by which it is commonly used – that is, by smoking until the subjective sense of a satisfying degree of intoxication – it is difficult to determine precisely what doses of Δ9-THC are required to produce specific effects. Therapeutic use of the FDA approved form of Δ9-THC, dronabinol, is commonly in doses of 2.5–40 mg daily, with a maximum approved dose of 150 mg daily.37 Commercially available cannabidiol is often dispensed in doses of 10 mg taken several times a day. I note, however that in a study of treatment of schizophrenia, patients were started on 40 mg cannabidiol a day, and this was increased up to 1280 mg/day without adverse effects.38
Endocannabinoids & Phytocannabinoids in Pain Management *
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Treating pain properly involves addressing more than just physical discomfort. Pain is a multidimensional problem that also encompasses impairments in mood, cognition, and function. Cannabidiol has been shown to improve mental health in a number of studies.
Cannabidiol drug interaction considerations for prescribers and pharmacists
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Myfanwy Graham, Jennifer H Martin, Catherine J Lucas, Bridin Murnion, Jennifer Schneider
There has been a surge in public interest and research into using cannabidiol as a medicine. Cannabidiol is one of the two major phytocannabinoids in cannabis. Its pharmacodynamic profile at both cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors is different to that of the other major cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol, although they are both lipids and require metabolism for excretion [76]. Cannabidiol has been used to treat many different clinical conditions, including rare types of epilepsy, managing pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders [77]. Since cannabidiol is commonly added to existing drug regimens, interactions between cannabidiol and other co-administered drugs may occur. The extent of interaction between drugs depends on the plasma drug concentrations of each drug and the systemic exposure measured by the AUC. Plasma drug concentrations and AUC are determined by the dose, dosing regimen, formulation, route of administration, and drug pharmacokinetics. Additional variability may be conferred by pharmacogenomic diversity.
Cannabidiol attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in male rats and viability in PC12 cells through the Sigma1R/AKT/GSK3β/CREB signaling pathway
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2022
Liu Liu, Juan Li, Chan Wang, Yue Xu, Chi-Kwan Leung, Genmeng Yang, Shucheng Lin, Shuwei Zhang, Yi Tan, Huijie Zhang, Haowei Wang, Jianxing Liu, Ming Li, Xiaofeng Zeng
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a component of the plant Cannabis sativa extracted for its wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anxiolytic (18,19), antidepressant (20,21), anti-inflammatory (22,23), antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties (24,25). Recent studies have shown that cannabidiol has promising applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (26–28) and Parkinson’s disease (29,30). Cannabidiol has also shown significant value in the treatment of substance use disorders. Cannabidiol has also shown to be effective in ameliorating THC-induced hallucinogenic effects and psychotic symptoms (31). Hay et al. (32) found that cannabidiol inhibited, in rats, methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and self-administration. Karimi-Haghighi et al. (5) reported that cannabidiol significantly inhibited methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of CPP in rats. Our previous study also demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 80 mg/kg cannabidiol to rats reduced CPP acquisition (33). Cannabidiol and Sigma1R antagonists have also been shown to reduce excitotoxicity after morphine exposure. Interestingly, this effect of cannabidiol is not present when the Sigma1R gene is knocked out (13).
The effects of co-administration of marijuana and methylphenidate on spatial learning and memory in male rats
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sina Motamedi, Vahid Sheibani, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Khadijeh Esmaeilpour, Gholamreza Sepehri
Marijuana is the crude extract of the plant Cannabis sativa (hemp), which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) are its main constituents. THC is the major psychotrophic component and cannabidiol is the main nonpsychoactive component of marijuana (Sacerdote et al. 2005). Recent studies indicated an increasing trends in the prevalence of marijuana use, the most commonly used illicit drug, in the United States, and its use increased to more than doubled during a 10years period, although the adverse effects of among marijuana users did not increase (Volkow et al. 2014, Hasin et al. 2015, Grucza et al. 2016). The increase in prevalence of illicit cannabis use is contributed to medical marijuana laws in the United states (Hasin et al. 2017).